Papers by Keyword: Out-of-Plane Loads

Abstract: Building material innovations in various interlocking concrete block masonry from local materials to withstand lateral earthquake forces is an exciting issue in masonry wall research. The block hook has an advantage in the interlocking system's invention to withstand loads in the in-plane and out-of-plane orientations commonly required by the masonry walls against earthquake forces. Reviews of the investigation of in-plane and out-of-plane masonry walls have rarely been found in previous studies. In this paper, the results of a series of experimental tests with different interlocking models in resisting the simultaneous in-plane shear and out-of-plane bending actions on concrete blocks are presented. This paper presents a research investigation of various interlocking concrete blocks' mechanical properties with different hook thicknesses. Discussion of the trends mentioned above and their implications towards interlocking concrete block mechanical properties is provided.

Abstract: The cavity heat insulation walls as a major form of multiple thermal insulation walls is the development of the energy-efficiency building materials. Attention is taken to describe the mechanics properties of cavity walls under out-of-plane load. In this paper, Mechanical model is developed for masonry walls out-of-plane loaded, and the analytical expressions about the internal force and deflection are abtained using the orthotropic theory. Limit deflection of interior walls under vertical and horizontal loads is calculated by mathematical software (MATLAB) and is simulated based on finite element analysis software (ANSYS) respectively. Finally, the results indicate that vertical loads and elastic modulus have great impact on the maximum deflection of masonry walls. Numerical computations show that the shell element of SHELL63 is well used in analysis of the internal force and deflection of masonry walls out-of-plane loaded.

Abstract: In this paper, transmission line systems are modeled as multi-span cable structures. A force method model is proposed for analysing the static response of the multi-span cables with small sags. The accepted cable model reduces to two groups of differential equations (the equilibrium equations in y, z directions) and an integral equation (the compatibility equation). Substituting the differential equation solutions into the compatibility condition, the governing equation is obtained in terms of the tension component in chord direction. This equation has been named the force method equation (FME). In this way the infinite-degree-of-freedom dynamic system is effectively simplified to a system with only one unknown. Finally, one example is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed force method.

Abstract: Un-reinforced masonry (URM) structures may fail and collapse under out-of-plane loads generated by seismic forces or explosions. Adding a ferrocement overlay onto the URM walls is an effective solution in increasing the ultimate load capacity and ductility. This paper deals with the numerical and experimental studies on the out-of-plane behavior of un-reinforced masonry walls strengthened with ferrocement. The material parameters considered are the volume fraction of reinforcement and the loading area. A numerical model was proposed to simulate the experimental results. The employed material model for masonry wall is based on the theory of Drucker-Prager plasticity taking into account the tension softening behavior, while the ferrocement is modeled as a composite material with linear strain hardening followed by ideal plasticity. The proposed model simulates the load-deflection behavior of the strengthened wall well.