Papers by Keyword: Palmitic Acid

Abstract: Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is extracted from the mesocarp of fruit obtained from the oil palm tree, which is also known as Elaeis guineensis. CPO contains Free Fatty Acid (FFA), which is one of the unnecessary constituents in CPO that is not good for food items and human consumption. Various methods for the deacidification process led to maximising the processing time, energy, and operating costs. Therefore, the aim of this research is to do a physical upgrading of the CPO, which may remove the FFA from the CPO while minimising the processing time, energy, and operating costs. However, prior to the physical upgrading of the CPO, it is important to highlight the physicochemical and quality characterisation of the CPO, which is essential and becomes a necessary procedure before the refining process. The purpose of this research is to examine the physicochemical and quality characteristics, which are fatty acid composition and FFA content, of the CPO, respectively. The American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) method was used for this research work. The results showed the percentage of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid of the CPO were 40.1 %, 2.5 %, 37.5 %, and 19.9 %, respectively. The FFA content of the CPO was 4.90 %. The findings indicated the CPO met the recommended value by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB). The physicochemical and quality characterisation of the CPO provide information as a guideline before the physical upgrading of the CPO that may produce palm oil products with good constituents for human health and the food industry.

Abstract: Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Oleic Acid (MIPOA) and Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Palmitic Acid (MIPPA) were synthesized using oleic acid and palmitic acid as the templates; acetonitrile as the porogenic solvent; and allylthiourea as the monomer; and EDGMA as a cross-linker via bulk polymerization. The non-imprinted polymers (NIP) as a control were prepared with the same procedure, but with the absence of template molecule. The synthesized MIPs and NIP were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and the results showed the narrowing of –OH peak which shows that crosslinking has occurred. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (FESEM-EDX) was used to analyze the composition of in both MIPs and NIP. The results yielded a composition of C, O, and S. This analysis corresponds to the composition of oleic acid and sulfuric acid as both templates contain -COOH group. These results suggested that the molecularly imprinted polymers can be employed as a potential adsorbent for the removal of oleic acid and palmitic acid from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) waste.

Abstract: Thermal Energy Storage using phase change materials (PCM) has become an interesting area of energy research because of its high energy storage density, isothermal nature of storage process and small volume changes. In the present work paraffin wax (PW) and Palmitic acids(PA) are chosen as phase change materials and mixed in different proportions(40-60% PW-PA, 50-50% PW-PA and 60-40% PW-PA) to prepare eutectic PCMs. And also paraffin is combined with Copper oxide nano powder to prepare composite PCM. Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) Tests have been conducted to find the latent heat capacity of the above combination of PCMs. The results showed that 40-60%PW-PA eutectic mixture is effective in increasing the latent heat of fusion compared to the other combinations.

Abstract: Microalgae have rich oil production under full photosynthesis, which reaches over 50 mass%. In addition, microalgae oil contains the prolific cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that is usually refined for making health food or food additives. This study investigated Aurantiochytrium sp., which is a kind of microalgae, the oil of which is also refined for use in health food or food additives. The solid byproducts of Aurantiochytrium sp. oil are more than 20 mass%, discarded as rubbish. Fortunately, the solid byproducts have been found to contain a large amount of palmitic acid that exceeds more than 67 mass%, but it is difficult to transesterify from the solid byproducts of Aurantiochytrium sp. oil, such as the waste cooking oil or waste engine oil, which contain many impurities. Therefore, the sequences of saponification, reduction reaction, and acid-catalyzed reactions were conducted for the full process of transesterification in this study. Overall, we have successfully obtained more than 92 mass% transesterification rate from the solid byproducts of Aurantiochytrium sp. oil. The solid byproducts are waste turned into gold.

Abstract: The results of studies of the structure and properties of a viscous gossypol resin and effective mechanism of formation of powder composite soluble chemicals on its base for stabilization of the drilling fluids used in drilling oil wells are shown in this work.

Abstract: Naringin esters are paid more attention in medical and functional food industry than naringin due to their higher stability and solubility in lipidic environments. Naringin palmitic acid esters were enzymatically synthesized with naringin and palmitic acid. The effects of solvent type, temperature, concentration and types of enzymes and the molar ratio of substrates on the conversion of naringin were investigated. Novozym 435 performed higher catalytic ability in tert-amyl alcohol in the esterification of naringin with palmitic acid. The conversion yield of naringin increased with the increase of temperature (30-70°C) and of the concentration of enzyme. The structure of the naringin palmitate was characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and HPLC-MS. 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis indicated the presence of an ester bond on the C-6 of the glucose moiety of naringin molecule.

Abstract: Scorbyl palmitate is a safty and highly efficient lipophilic antioxidant.It is produced by a novel ionic liquid method: L-ascorbic acid was esterified with palmitic acid to synthesize ascorbyl palmitate,using concentrated sulfuric acid as chemical catalyst in 1-Butyl-3-methy limidazolium terafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF₄).The yield of ascorbyl palmitate reached 69.6±1%.

Abstract: Absorbing moisture of electrode coating easily leads to high diffusible hydrogen of welding seam, resulting in hydrogen embrittlement, porosity, cold crack and other defects.Microwave absorption material Fe3O4 is used to promote the reaction of palmitic acid, and reduce the diffusible hydrogen of weld bead. Electrode is immersed to the light petroleum solution containing palmitic and Fe3O4 particles, then the electrode is put into the microwave oven and become water-resistant . The results of FT-IR and SEM indicate that Fe3O4 absorb the microwave and lead to the reaction of palmitic acid and electrode surface. The electrode become water-resistant after microwave reaction, The best ratio of palmitic acid in the petroleum ether is 15%, and the weld diffusible hydrogen decreases to 74%.

Abstract: Palmitic acid was added into drug-loaded poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) to modify the drug release profiles of the polymer. The acid was added in different concentrations and gradients across the thickness of the polymer. Drug release was monitored using a UV spectrometer over a period of 90 days. Degradation was studied using gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to follow the change in the molecular weight and glass transition temperature respectively. Addition of palmitic acid was found to accelerate the degradation of PLLA and resulted in an accelerated release of the drug as expected. Modification of release profiles by designing the acid gradient was also attempted. It was found that the total acid concentration is still the dominant factor over the gradient design in affecting the degradation and subsequently the release profiles. Different drug concentrations also played a role in the different release profiles exhibited. Surprisingly the sample with lower drug concentration (2wt%) showed a much higher initial burst than the 5wt% loaded samples. This was due to the induced nucleation of the polymer by the drug at low concentration resulting in higher crystallinity of the polymer and consequently overall lower solubility of the drug.

Abstract: Films of chitosan polymer doped with lithium acetate dihydrate (LiOAc.2H2O) and placticized with oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA) were prepared by the solution cast technique. The film containing 40.0 wt. % LiOAc and 10.0 wt. % of OA exhibit a room temperature conductivity of ~ 10-5 S cm-1 and the film containing 41.0 wt. % LiOAc and 7.7 wt. % of PA has conductivity ~ 10-6 S cm-1. The plot of ln(sT) versus 103/T for the highest conducting samples obey an Arrhenian relationship in the temperature range between 300 and 363 K implying that the conductivity is thermally assisted. FTIR spectroscopy and XRD techniques have been used for the complexation studies. The LiNiCoO2/chitosan-LiOAc-OA/MCMB electrochemical cell could be charged to a voltage of 4.2 V.