Papers by Keyword: Paraffin

Abstract: Paraffin wax deposition is the major flow assurance issue in the oil industry. When the fluid temperature drops below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) due to the temperature differential between the cold areas and the crude oil, paraffin wax forms on the pipeline walls. Wax deposition can have very detrimental effects because it can narrow the internal diameters of pipelines and flowlines, which, if left unchecked, eventually clog these areas and force an activity to stop. However, overcoming the problems at this stage may become very expensive. This study examines the factors influencing paraffin wax deposition and discusses various methods for mitigating wax deposition on inner pipelines walls. It focuses on mechanical, thermal, chemical, bioremediation, and hybrid techniques. The benefits and limitations of each wax mitigation technique are assessed, along with the latest developments in modelling-based paraffin wax deposition mitigation. Although chemical techniques are preferable for treating deep-water wells due to their relatively inexpensiveness, simplicity, and no disruption to production, synthetic chemical inhibitors pose environmental hazardous. However, the advantages of organic chemical additives and bioremediation technique over commercially available synthetic chemical inhibitors are rigorously assessed in this work with regard to environmental benefits, sustainability advantages and improved process safety. This review also identifies the gaps in mitigation of paraffin wax deposition.

Abstract: This Final Project research focuses on the synthesis of pour point depressant (PPD) from Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Maggot Oil to reduce the pour point of crude oil samples. Crude oil itself is a non-renewable energy source that is still in high demand in Indonesia, especially as a vehicle fuel. Crude oil contains paraffin wax, which can crystallize and hinder the transportation and production processes of crude oil. Therefore, this study aims to produce PPD from BSF maggots as an additive for crude oil to ensure its smooth flow. Maggots were chosen due to their high fatty acid content, ranging from 29% to 32%, making them a potential source for PPD. The method used for PPD synthesis involves esterification using a reflux process. Pour point testing will be conducted using the ASTM D-5853 method. The synthesized PPD could lower the pour point of crude oil by up to 24°C from the original 39°C. Characterization using FTIR testing successfully revealed C-O vibrations (ester groups) at the wave number range of 1158 – 1155 cm^-1 while eliminating O-H vibrations (carboxylic acid groups). GC-MS characterization was also conducted to identify the formed ester compounds. The GC-MS results showed that PPD 1 had the highest ester content at 87.71%. Keywords: Crude Oil, Esterification, Pour Point Depressant, Maggot, Paraffin, Pour Point.

Abstract: Multilayer angle pieces are used to protect end parts and edges of rolls and packs of various sheet materials, including metals, during transportation and storage. Waxed protective angle pieces applied in metal products packaging may cause allergic reactions of personnel. The paper presents a chemical analysis of cover layer of multilayer waxed protective angle pieces based on cardboard. It was found that the cover layer contains nitrite ions. They can induce allergic itching. Temperature characteristics of the components that make up the cover layer were determined by the method of synchronous thermal analysis. X-ray microanalysis detected carbon, oxygen, calcium and silicon in this layer. IR spectra of the cover layer has revealed the presence of oxygen-and nitrogen-containing functional groups. The research of the multilayer protective angle pieces for metal products packaging has shown nonconformity with the specifications for this type of goods. The cover layer of the angle pieces contains distillate slack wax, nitrogen-bearing corrosion inhibitors. The angle pieces calls for protection measures when packaging metal products.

Abstract: The external surface of the building envelope absorbs large amounts of heat after long periods of solar radiation especially in the hot summer, leading to a dramatic increase in the cooling load and energy consumption. Phase change material (PCM) possesses the ability to reduce building energy consumption and improve thermal comfort when it is integrated with the building envelope. In this study, paraffin /expanded graphite (EG) composite phase change material was prepared to fabricate facing tile for building envelopes, with phase change facing tile (PCMT) attached to exterior walls and roofs. To present the full role played by the paraffin/ expanded graphite composite phase change material, microstructure, thermal and physical properties characteristics were investigated, thermal performance experiment of facing tile was carried out. The results showed that the maximum inner surface temperature difference between the PCMT and the ceramic tile reached 2.5°C, the maximum temperature time lag was 51 min. A simulation in EnergyPlus was used to evaluate the availability of using PCM to improve the energy efficiency of the building under the Guangzhou climate. The results showed that 2.65% energy savings were achieved. These results showed that PCM has thermal insulation performance, which would affect the indoor temperature and reduce building energy consumption to some extent.

Abstract: The detection of paraffin deposits in the systems of main oil pipelines today is a very important problem, since they lead to emergency oil spills, environmental disasters and economic losses both for the enterprise and for the country as a whole. This work is aimed at studying the physicochemical properties of asphaltic resin paraffins, as well as the mechanism of phase transition from liquid to crystalline. Such studies make it possible to estimate the absorption coefficient of the paraffin phase, which was previously not possible due to the complex nature of oil, consisting of hydrocarbons and many organic compounds of various molecular weights, and to provide high-precision non-contact measurements of the concentration of suspended asphalt-resin-paraffins in the oil flow in the pipeline. The analysis of the morphology and chemical composition of paraffins of various deposits is carried out, the dependence of the phase transition depending on the temperature gradient is determined.

Abstract: Solar thermal energy is one of the promising renewable and sustainable energy that have gain research interest. However, the nature of intermittent solar irradiation limits the usage of this energy. Phase change material (PCM) are substance that has the property of absorbing and releasing thermal energy through phase transformation. Combination of graphene foam/PCM composite will be able to absorb heat from solar thermal energy and sustain energy release to thermoelectric generator (TEG) for electrical conversion. Two different PCM material were tested which are petroleum-based paraffin wax and bio-based PCM beeswax. Thermal properties of both materials were measured using DSC and heat absorption were tested under real solar irradiation. This solar-thermal converter showed that graphene/paraffin/beeswax composite is more effective than the paraffin wax or beeswax alone. The recorded results also showed that combination of these petroleum based and bio-based PCM with added graphene foam could retain longer heat than graphene/paraffin wax and individual PCM. The longer heat can be stored in solar-thermal converter device may sustain electricity generation even with absence of solar energy.

Abstract: In this work, a series of hydroxylmethyl pentamine (HMPA) was synthesized from vegetable oil, tetraethylene pentamine and hexamethylenetetramine, which was evaluated as a crude oil flow improver. The results showed that HMPAs have good viscosity reduction effect on the crude oil from Yanchang Oilfield, with the highest viscosity reduction rate of 93%. The highest pour point reduction depression was achieved as 5.4°C. Paraffin crystal morphology characterization was conducted on the crude oil to elucidate the mechanism of viscosity reduction and pour point depression.

Abstract: The current work presents about the development of thermal energy storage (TES) using paraffin wax as a phase change material (PCM). In order to investigate the performance of TES as a supplemental heat source for solar dryer when no sunshine, the TES was connected with solar dryer having maximum capacity for 10 kg of fresh chilies. The TES unit consists of 28.35 kg PCM and copper tube inside the cylindrical tank. The charging process of the TES is carried out with the help of electrical heater. The paraffin wax in the TES starts to melt and absorb the energy till it turns to liquid state. For heat discharging process during the off sunshine hours, air with mass flow rate of 0.0023 kg/s at ambient temperature can be passed through the copper tube in the TES in order to provide hot air for the dryer. From the performance analysis results, it is observed that the temperature of drying chamber can be maintained about 40-50 °C for 3 hours at least after sunset and higher than ambient temperature about 16.72 °C. The novel design of TES successfully increases the performance of the drying systems and reduces the time for drying process.

Abstract: Cellulose is a good bio-based material for rich resources and recyclability. Paraffin is widely used in the field of energy storage and temperature regulation due to its excellent heat storage properties and mature preparation technology. In this paper, the cellulose fibers with energy storage and temperature regulation were prepared by wet spinning process using paraffin as phase change material. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were utilized to characterize the morphology structure, crystalline properties, phase transition properties and heat resistance of fibers and so on. The results showed that the fiber surface without holes and paraffin was uniformly distributed in the cellulose matrix, and paraffin was not easily overflow during the process of phase change. Paraffin and cellulose substrate had good compatibility due to the interaction of hydrogen bonding, and 30% of paraffin did not cause a significant impact on the degree of crystallinity and thermal stability of cellulose fibers. Enthalpy of the resultant functional fibers could reach 27.44 J/g, and the thermal decomposition temperature was over 300 °C. The fibers possessed the phase change ability and certain mechanical properties. Furthermore, it was found that the fibers still had good resistance to washing under extreme conditions.

Abstract: The present paper describes an investigation of the application of the carbon nanostructures-and graphene-modified paraffin for the heat exchange elements of means of individual protection. The thermophysical parameters of the modified material and the test benches in the mode of periodical alternation of temperature, when the oxygen with high temperature up to 250°C is produced in the cartridge (with powdered potassium superoxide) and СО₂ at 36 ^оС is arrived from the artificial lung device, were studied.The application of graphene as the modifiers of heat storage materials for the individual protection means of respiratory organs makes it possible to improve cooling efficiency by 25-40°С to create the comfortable conditions for breathing.