Papers by Keyword: Pipeline

Abstract: Paraffin wax deposition is the major flow assurance issue in the oil industry. When the fluid temperature drops below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) due to the temperature differential between the cold areas and the crude oil, paraffin wax forms on the pipeline walls. Wax deposition can have very detrimental effects because it can narrow the internal diameters of pipelines and flowlines, which, if left unchecked, eventually clog these areas and force an activity to stop. However, overcoming the problems at this stage may become very expensive. This study examines the factors influencing paraffin wax deposition and discusses various methods for mitigating wax deposition on inner pipelines walls. It focuses on mechanical, thermal, chemical, bioremediation, and hybrid techniques. The benefits and limitations of each wax mitigation technique are assessed, along with the latest developments in modelling-based paraffin wax deposition mitigation. Although chemical techniques are preferable for treating deep-water wells due to their relatively inexpensiveness, simplicity, and no disruption to production, synthetic chemical inhibitors pose environmental hazardous. However, the advantages of organic chemical additives and bioremediation technique over commercially available synthetic chemical inhibitors are rigorously assessed in this work with regard to environmental benefits, sustainability advantages and improved process safety. This review also identifies the gaps in mitigation of paraffin wax deposition.

Abstract: Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, causing global warming and climate change. Reducing climate impacts can be achieved by switching to carbon-free energy sources, and hydrogen as a carbon-free energy carrier can be a key parameter. The use of a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen is a much-discussed option. The use of this mixture in industry, e.g. as fuel for gas-fired power plants, would lead to a lower environmental burden due to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Efficient and economically acceptable distribution of hydrogen is important. The best option is to transport the gas using existing pipeline systems. Hydrogen degrades the mechanical properties of most structural metal materials, especially steel. Describing the degradation of materials exposed to a hydrogen environment is a key parameter for the use of existing natural gas transport infrastructure. For the experiment, X52 steel was used, which is the base material for the natural gas distribution network. Electrolytic saturation was used to charge the material with hydrogen. Different saturation times were tested. The mechanical properties were determined by the notch impact test.

Abstract: Pipelines are critical assets for transporting liquid and gaseous products in the oil and gas industry, and they are typically situated in challenging operational environments. Over time, adverse operational and environmental conditions lead to wear and tear of their structural components, resulting in structural anomalies that manifest as leak points. An effective pipeline anomaly and leakage detection mechanism is therefore crucial to maintaining the integrity of the product transportation system. This study develops a Long Short-Term Memory-AutoEncoder (LSTM-AE) model for real-time anomaly and leak detection in oil-and-gas production pipelines. The developed model uses an ensemble approach to adapt a multi-layer Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to improve the performance of an AutoEncoder (AE). The resulting hybrid LSTM-AE model composes an encoder, a repeat vector, and a decoder with a data-driven capability. The performance of the developed model is evaluated using publicly available oil-and-gas production data. Results indicate that the base AE model achieves accuracy, recall, and precision rates of 72%, 72%, and 100%, respectively, whilst the LSTM-AE model achieves improved rates of 88%, 100%, and 100% for the same respective metrics. The realized performance enhancement gives credence to the utility of the LSTM-AE model for effective intelligent anomaly detection in pipeline systems.

Abstract: Mapping pipeline networks and their support is essential to asset information systems and asset integrity in supporting energy security. Important information from pipeline asset integrity, including pipeline network, support position, and condition, must be monitored well to allow damage to be detected as early as possible. The challenge of mapping the pipeline network and its support is the volume of the pipeline network, which can reach tens or even hundreds of kilometers. The technology often used for mapping pipeline assets is terrestrial surveys with total stations and GNSS-RTK. Alternative rapid mapping that can be an option is UAV LiDAR or UAV photos. Finding alternative pipeline mapping technology for accurate and economical mapping needs to be considered. This research analyzed the capabilities of UAV photos for mapping pipelines and their support in a 3 km-long pipeline area. With its rapid data acquisition, the point cloud extracted from UAV photos is used for pipeline and support location detection and its height. Furthermore, the appropriateness of UAV photo technology for pipeline mapping was tested compared to UAV LiDAR technology and GNSS terrestrial mapping on two practical parameters, namely (1) technical ability to provide results according to standards and expected output with a weight of 70% and (2) cost-effectiveness with a weight of 30%. Each parameter is then detailed and scored. The results of the analysis of the appropriateness of UAV photos compared to UAV LiDAR and the GNSS terrestrial survey found that the highest score was obtained by UAV LiDAR at 21.2, followed by the GNSS terrestrial survey at 15.9. The UAV photo method for pipeline network mapping only scored 12.5, the lowest among the three technologies. The UAV photo method falls on the assessment of technical capabilities, especially the ability to obtain the height of the pipeline and its support to the ground and the height of the surrounding environment. Given that height information is an inseparable part of the results of topographic maps and pipeline alignment that must be produced from pipeline network mapping surveys.

Abstract: Research on the Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network (BANN) method continues to depend on generating hardware description language (HDL) directly from the algorithm. Converting the algorithm into a Hardware Description Language (HDL) that can be synthesized and implemented into a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) System-on-Chip (SoC) necessitates a complex and challenging endeavour. This study examines the outcomes of the BANN algorithm's High-Level Synthesis (HLS) on the Zynq7000 series XC7Z010CLG400-1 FPGA SoC family. Utilizing the Vivado HLS program showcases the accurate correlation between C's simulation and synthesis results, validating the consistency between the software and hardware components. The optimal optimization strategy involves utilizing feedforward connections that transmit information directly from the input to the hidden phase. The reverse stage involves adjusting the weights that connect the input unit to the hidden phase. The computational speed of the pipeline is roughly 5,340 nanoseconds (178 multiplied by 30 nanoseconds), which is 2.2 times (398 multiplied by 30 nanoseconds) quicker than the speed it would have without optimization. Approximately 55.28% of the latency, equivalent to 220 clock cycles, is reduced. The average device usage rate is 32.75%.

Abstract: Bonding metallic structures with composite materials is widely considered to be the most optimal method for joining damaged and fractured structures. This method offers important advantages, such as reducing the stress intensity factor (SIF) and increasing the lifetime of the joined structure. However, hygrothermal aging is a phenomenon that can reduce the lifetime of reinforced structures made of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP). This study used numerical modeling to investigate a cracked stainless steel pipe operating in a hygrothermal environment and repaired with three patches. The main objective of this work is to determine the effect of adhesive aging due to hygrothermal damage on the repair efficiency of a cracked SA312 type 304 stainless steel pipe. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to evaluate the SIF as a function of applied load for different immersion times and at two different temperatures. First, the developed model was validated against literature results. A parametric study was then carried out. The obtained results showed that the adhesive maintains its stiffness for 7.5 months of immersion and that the mechanical properties of the adhesive are acceptable even at temperatures of 90°C or lower and internal pressures less than or equal to 50 bar. However, when the pressure load exceeds 50 bar (p_int > 50 bar), the degradation of the adhesive becomes more significant, and the hygrothermal aging leads to variations in the mechanical properties of the joined structure. It is important to note that these results can contribute to the improvement of the existing composite repair design standard and can provide reliability for the application of GFRP in different humid environments.

Abstract: The paper considers the issue of the influence of ambient temperature and service life on the endurance of pipe steels of underground pipelines. The results of numerous experimental studies allowed us to draw the following conclusions. An analysis of the experimental data indicates that for all the studied steels, the endurance decreases with decreasing air temperature, mainly down to-20... -30 °C. This can be explained by the embrittlement of the metal, i.e. a decrease in the plastic properties of the pipeline metal structure. In addition, it can be seen from the given data that low-alloy steels 48KhN, 09G2S, 10GS have the highest endurance. Weak endurance is mainly typical of grade 20 carbon steel. Experimental studies show that with an increase in the service life of pipes, their endurance decreases, and this tendency is inherent in all the studied steels. Studies of the endurance of pipe steels under complex stress states show that static torsional stresses close to the yield strength, when tested in the air, do not reduce fatigue life. Although the corrosive environment significantly reduces the cyclic strength of steel under shear stresses up to τ_cr=05τ_Y, the conditional limit of corrosion fatigue is not lower than when tested for corrosion fatigue under the action of only alternating stresses in a symmetrical cycle. It could be considered that the torsional stress in the pipeline system does not exceed 10 MPa. In that case, their influence on practical calculations on the endurance of pipes of underground pipeline systems can be neglected.

Abstract: Currently, inhibitory protection is one of the most effective and common methods of protecting the inner surface of oil field equipment from corrosion. The work explores the mechanism of protective action of new inhibitors based on quaternary ammonium compounds and assesses feasibility of their practical application in oil fields of OJSC Surgutneftegas. Studies were conducted on samples made of pipe steels A 568M, A 516-55 and 13CrV (rus 13ХФА) in a model produced water solution. Three corrosion inhibitors were tested. Parameters of the mechanism of protective action of reagents were determined by potentiodynamic analysis.

Abstract: Pipeline system is one of the essential infrastructures in oil and gas industries as it is used to transport oil and gas over long distance. However, pipelines will undergo damages and deteriorations after being used for some years, especially when corrosion occurs. Corrosive pipes will experience reduction in wall thickness resulted a lower remaining strength of the pipe, and consequently lead to failure once the remaining strength unable to withstand the desired operating pressure of the pipe. Therefore, additional strength from repairing job needs to be provided, for instance, by using fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Unlike the corroded pipeline assessment codes, the pipeline repair codes that are used to design composite repair system of corroded pipe do not include the defect geometries such as defect length. In this study, burst pressure of the composite repaired pipeline with different defect lengths and the effect of the defect length upon the burst capacity of composite repaired pipe are investigated. The study is carried out by finite element analysis on various defective pipes with different defect length sizes. The results show that the difference of the burst pressure subjected to various defect lengths is 15.59% and this had proved that there is effect of defect length upon the burst capacity of composite repaired pipe. This finding can be very useful for optimizing the existing repair design.

Abstract: The article investigates the issues of pipeline transport and the methods of protecting pipelines from corrosion, as well as the manufacture of pipes with internal and external coatings and proceeding construction of pipelines. The main objective of this article is to obtain a reliable and durable pipeline with internal and external coatings, as well as to preserve pipeline capacity and ease its installation.