Papers by Keyword: Pricing

Abstract: Since 2016, the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation has been carrying out a fundamental reform of pricing and estimated rationing in construction [1]. The main objective of the reform is to create conditions on the basis of the Federal State Information System for Building Pricing (FSIS BP) for the transition to a resource method to determine the estimated cost of construction, the formation of a reliable initial contract price on this basis, including using enlarged building price standards. The essence of the task is insurance against the growth of the real cost of construction. In developed economies, this is achieved through exchange mechanisms using derivative financial instruments such as options.

Abstract: Reclaimed water can effectively alleviate the water crisis which is the second water source of city. The functional relations in cost price, demand and transportation of the reclaimed water using are determined by the method of cost-plus which is based on the premise that the funds of reclaimed water network construction should be recovered. The users are divided into different groups according to the distance between the user and the water recycling. According to the demand diversity in different users, a complex tiered pricing model is established which is relevant of water requirement and the distance of conveyance. Finally, taking the Second Sewage Treatment Plant in Xi'an as an example, the water price of the user - the western suburbs Power Plant of Xi'an is calculated using this model. The result is consistent with the actual situation, which can verify the accuracy and usefulness of this article pricing model. All of these have provided a theoretical basis for the development of the market price of recycled water.

Abstract: The pricing decision of consumer goods manufacturing enterprise is a very important part in its business strategies. Price of the product is directly related to the ability to obtain the expected earnings. In this paper, based on the analysis of the characteristics of durable consumer goods and the factors that affect the price, considering the continuous product innovation and diversification of consumer demand, psychological factors of consumers, as well as the price timeliness, starting from the quantitative point of view, a dynamic pricing model of durable consumer goods aimed at the maximum value of products was set up. Finally, a numerical example solving by the genetic algorithm was given to verify the feasibility of the model.

Abstract: The paper considers economic events associated with price formation, namely methods of price differentiation in conditions of market competition, certain ways conducing to meeting the demands of different strata of the population with different consumer opportunities are indicated.

Abstract: This research considers a direct sales system facing demand that is sensitive to both sales price and delivery lead time. The behavior pattern of such a direct sales channel is studied by utilizing the developed model, numerical experiment and sensitivity analysis. Our results reveal that when manufacturers’ capacity is set higher, customers would be less likely lost. In contrast, if manufacturers’ capacity is set lower, more potential customers may quickly be lost due to longer lead time. The outcome of analysis shows how major factors influence decision making and profits. Our findings may serve as a practical reference to enterprise in practice.

Abstract: Cloud computing is becoming more and more mature, and an IaaS could computing model called Cloud Bank [, which is based on commercial bank model, has been designed. Could Bank model can be partly distinguished from other traditional IaaS providers by the sources of infrastructure resources. This new model cloud offers new way to manage resource consumer, bank, and resource provider and maximize all participants benefits. Meanwhile, the new cloud bank model follows the way of commerce bank to against the risk during the transaction. This model may be new solutions for hybrid cloud computing management.

Abstract: In a supply chain which contains one manufacturer and one retailer, the paper introduces the amount of emissions per unit of output produced, and analyses the effects of customer and regulatory environmental pressures on the optimal price and carbon emission. The results show that the optimal wholesale price and retail price are positively related to regulatory environmental pressure and negatively related to customer environmental pressure, and the manufacturer's profit-maximizing level of emissions is determined by the customer environmental sensitivity and initial level of emissions, and the environmental performance of the manufacturer and the retailer's profit are affected by customer and regulatory environmental pressures and market size and costs for environmental investments.

Abstract: Network externality is a vital characteristic of the products in economics of networks. Network congestion will lead to negative network externality when digital products are communicated in the net. It will effectively decrease the negative network externality via developing a suitable pricing mechanism. This paper begins with the utility of a single user and that of the whole network to build a network congestion utility model to analyze it. As TCP connection has an autonomous congestion-detecting mechanism which can increase the utilization of network resources, we regard the TCP connection pricing as the basis of our research.

Abstract: In this paper, different mathematics models are applied to research the reasonable pricing of the cloud computing software products on the SaaS platform and explore the sales price of the cloud computing software products with the maximum total profits. These information can be the reference for decision-makers to determine the pricing strategy. The aim of this paper is for the cloud computing company to provide the majority of users with the inexpensive and excellent softwares and services, which can make the company dominate the cloud computing market quickly, gain the huge profits in the sustainable development manner and consider the interests of the company, users and the society.Keywords: clouding computing, SaaS, pricing and charging, mathematical analysis

Abstract: Platforms diffusion is sophisticated because of indirect network effect between two sides; there will be a peak or several peaks of diffusion rate. Platforms diffusion can be divided to two stages: the stage before its take-off of potential market size and the stage after its take-off of potential market size. At the stage before its take-off of potential market size, platforms diffusion on one side has restriction in its diffusion on the other side. At the stage after its take-off of potential market size, platforms diffusion on one side accelerates its diffusion on the other side.