Papers by Keyword: Pyrolysis

Abstract: Coffee grounds are an abundant biomass rarely used and often thrown away for nothing. On the other hand, pyrolysis is an alternative technology for utilizing biomass such as coffee grounds into biochar, syngas, and bio-oil. The bio-oil resulting from pyrolysis can then be mixed with dexlite in a 1:1 ratio, which is then called B50. This paper aims to analyze the performance of a Diesel generator driven by a motor fueled by Dexlite (a Diesel fuel variant that has a minimum CN of 51 and contains a maximum of 1200 ppm sulfur) and a mixture of bio-oil resulting from the pyrolysis of coffee grounds at a temperature of 500 °C with Dexlite (B50), with variations in load power of 300 Watt, 1100 Watt, and 1300 Watt. Generator set performance analysis includes effective power, torque, specific fuel consumption, generator efficiency, and exhaust emissions. At a load of 1300 W with a rotation of 1600 rpm, the maximum effective power obtained is the same, whether the generator is fueled with dexlite or B50, around 1,440 kW. The maximum torque value for dexlite and B50 fuel is 8.6 Nm. The maximum specific fuel consumption (SFC) for dexlite fuel at a load of 300 W at 1600 rpm is 645.25 g/kWh. The maximum air and fuel ratio (AFR) is on the B50 with a load of 300 W at 2000 rpm, which is 1:47. The maximum thermal efficiency is at the B50 at 1600 rpm, around 66.6%. The maximum generator efficiency is 48% with dexlite fuel and B50. Regarding exhaust gas analysis, the maximum CO exhaust emission level is 475 PPM on dexlite. In contrast, the maximum H₂S level is 347 PPM on Dexlite, whereas the maximum O₂ concentration is 20.6% when the generator operates on B50. The analysis found that the performance of diesel generator engines with B50 fuel was better than pure Dexlite.

Abstract: Increasing textile production leads to a corresponding rise in dye waste, including substances such as methylene blue. Methylene blue poses a significant environmental challenge due to its non-biodegradable nature and high toxicity, which can adversely affect both human health and ecosystems. To address this issue, various methodologies have been explored, with adsorption emerging as a promising technique. This study focuses on employing adsorption utilizing an adsorbent derived from patchouli dregs and activated using hydrochloric acid (HCl). The research commenced with the pyrolysis of patchouli dregs at different temperatures: 300°C, 340°C, and 380°C for 1.5 hours. Subsequently, chemical activation was carried out using HCl solutions with concentrations of 0.3 M, 0.5 M, and 0.7 M. The resulting activated adsorbent underwent characterization to assess its morphological structure, functional groups, and crystalline composition. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed prominent pores in the patchouli dregs adsorbent post-activation, with a size of 14.699 μm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated an irregular microcrystalline structure and amorphous nature of the activated patchouli dregs adsorbent. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis identified active functional groups including O-H, C=O, C=C, C≡C, and C=H, which facilitate methylene blue adsorption. Characterization of the various iterations of the patchouli dregs adsorbent confirmed its suitability for methylene blue adsorption, meeting the quality standards outlined in SNI 06-3730-1995. These standards include a water content of 1.935%, ash content of 7.568%, and iodine adsorption capacity of 1,270.41 mg/g. In summary, this study elucidates the potential of patchouli dregs-derived adsorbents activated with hydrochloric acid for effective methylene blue removal, providing insights into their morphological, structural, and functional characteristics crucial for addressing the challenges associated with textile dye waste management.

Abstract: In the search for environmentally acceptable and sustainable energy storage solutions, biomass-derived biochar materials are becoming popular in supercapacitor applications. Rice straw is regularly disposed of as agricultural waste, but it is an intriguing biomass precursor for synthesizing activated biochar suitable for supercapacitor electrodes. This study exhibited the utilization of activated biochar synthesized from rice straw through pyrolysis and potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation for supercapacitor applications. Structural examination, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen (N₂) adsorption and desorption, showed the activated rice straw-derived biochar‘s distinct crystal structure, morphological structure, pore structure, and surface area. Rice straw-derived biochar revealed an amorphous structure, nanosheet-like or multilayered morphology, and hierarchical pore structure. Electrochemical characterization showed that the activated rice straw-derived biochar has high specific capacitances of 116.48 F/g at 1 A/g and 84.58 F/g at 5 A/g, respectively. The amorphous character, hierarchical pore structure, and nanosheet-like morphology of the rice straw-derived biochar provided favorable properties for effective ion transfer for high electrochemical performance. These findings exhibited the prospects of rice straw as a sustainable and economical biomass precursor to produce excellent electrode material in supercapacitor applications.

Abstract: On place research was conducted on a farm where cows were fed by a mixture of traditional pasturing and feed supply. Pyrolysis was carried out directly on the farm to produce a ready-to-use biochar product. The product of biochar after pyrolysis was mixed with an organic adhesive dopant into 100 gram processed products for commercial use. This processed product was analyzed by elemental analysis, proximate analysis, TGA, FTIR and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Data from these analyses was compared to those of brown coal Aduunchuluun, which is originally from the same place as the bio waste. Heavy elements content in biochar such as silicon, aluminium, sulphur, etc. is significantly less than compared to the brown coal. TGA and DTG analysis on the biochar product showed a total weight loss of 0.87%, where nearly 0.26% of the moisture was released in the temperature interval of 30 - 300°C, 0.46% of devolatilization occurred in 300 - 600°C, and 0.15% of mass loss in combustion reaction in 600 - 700°C. The residue after the thermal processing was minimal and consisted of hemicellulose and cellulose after volatilization. From the FTIR analysis, we see a disappearance of hydroxyl group vibration around 3400 cm^-1 and carbonyl C=O stretching 1733 cm^-1 from the biochar product compared to brown coal. The aromatic absorption near 1600 cm^-1 is shifted to 1392 cm^-1 in biochar. EPR spectrum of bio product consists of two lines, broad and narrow in the resonance field of ≈ 3500 Gs. Corresponding g-factor of narrow line and broad line 2.0022. It is calculated the spin numbers in biochar sample, that is compared to brown coal related data.

Abstract: Cocoa husks, usually discarded as waste, possess valuable biomass that can be utilized. The objective of this research is to study the properties of charcoal obtained from the carbonization of leftover cocoa husks in the Suratthani province, Thailand. The discarded cocoa husks were carbonized in a designed charcoal kiln, and the carbonization temperature was investigated. It was found that the carbonization process had four phases, with a total duration of approximately 3.5 hours. The maximum temperature reached during carbonization was around 470 °C, and the average ignition temperature of the charcoal from cocoa husks in this research was approximately 261.1 °C. Heat analysis of the charcoal revealed a thermal conductivity of about 4678 kcal/kg. Additionally, a morphological analysis of the charcoal from cocoa husks showed higher porosity compared to dried cocoa husks. Therefore, charcoal from cocoa husks has the potential to be used in value-added products such as charcoal briquettes and odor-absorbing materials.

Abstract: Recent studies indicate that bio-oil production from EFB is highly influenced by the temperature during pyrolysis. In this study the pyrolysis process was conducted at the optimum temperature of 500°C for 60 minutes and the nitrogen gas flowrate (N₂) was varied between 1 and 3 L/min. The bio-oil itself can be obtained from the condensed gas pyrolysis product. The characteristics of bio-oil were then identified based on biofuel quality standards. The bio-oil was then tested in order to determine its physical properties such as its density, water content, and acid number. Besides, the chemical components of the bio oil were identified by using GC-MS. The results show that the density of bio-oil is within the range of 0.9918 - 1.0083 g/cm³. The highest water content produced is 27.22% at a flow rate of 1 L/min. The acid number of bio oil is ranging from 124.9 – 139.6 mg KOH / g. According to GCMS test results, linoleic acid content is high at a flow rate of 1 L / min, while hexadecane content dominates by 15.79% at a 2 L / min rate. Further observation on the rate of 3 L / min shows that phenol content increases.

Abstract: An alternative to thermal pyrolysis is catalytic pyrolysis, which provides a higher conversion of raw materials at a lower temperature than thermal pyrolysis, that is, it reduces the energy intensity of the process and increases the selectivity of pyrolysis for lower alkenes.

Abstract: This study aims to obtain an alternative fuel from plastic pyrolytic oil (PPO) that has similar properties to gasoline and diesel fuel. The process carried out is distillation, which is heating the PPO at a certain temperature so that light and heavy molecules will evaporate and turn into distillate plastic oil (DPO). The effect of temperature on the quality of the DPO was observed based on the color of the obtained DPO. Temperatures ranging from 120 to 350 °C were examined in this study. The cleaner DPO was produced at a temperature of about 120 °C, which indicated a light molecule of hydrocarbon similar to gasoline, while a little dark color was produced when the temperature was increased to 350 °C, which indicated heavy molecules of hydrocarbon similar to diesel. This research shows that distillation can produce alternative fuels with different grades depending on the applied operating temperature.

Abstract: Biomass waste is one of the promising resource for the production of bio oil. In this study, a mixture of biomass waste will be pyrolyzed in the presence of activated carbon and zeolite as the catalyst. The catalyst concentrations were varied at 2%, 4%, 6%, respectively. While, the pyrolysis process was carried out at 500°C, for 60 minutes, with a nitrogen flow of 3 L/min. The highest bio oil yield was obtained the pyrolysis process by using zeolite with 35% at 4% w/w of the catalyst concentration. The lowest acid number obtained was 42.92 on 4% zeolite catalyst with rice husk biomass as the raw material, the best viscosity was obtained on 4% activated carbon multi feedstock with a viscosity value of 4.96 cP. The best density was obtained in multi feedstock with 4% zeolite catalyst and rice husk with 4% zeolite of 0.996 g/mL.

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the characteristics of activated charcoal from mangroves resulting from pyrolysis and activation with 3M KCl using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and ash content analysis and to determine the ratio of Pb, Fe and Cd metal content in river water before and after filtered with activated charcoal. The results of the FTIR test for charcoal from mangroves resulting from pyrolysis and activation with KCl showed the presence of O-H, C=C, C-H, C-N and C-Cl groups as additional groups that appeared after the activation process. The results of XRD analysis show that the lattice parameter (α) can be calculated, namely in pyrolysis mangrove charcoal = 5.79 and charcoal from pyrolysis and activation mangrove wood = 5.88. The results show that there is a change in the distance between the crystal planes after activation, with the known value of, the results of d-spacing 3 strong peaks are 3.39 , 2.94 and 5.88 . The results of the analysis of the ash content are 15.4% and exceed the maximum percentage that has been determined, because there are still impurities attached to the carbon surface. The results of the analysis using Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometry (AAS) showed that there were differences in the levels of Pb, Fe and Cd in river water before and after being filtered with activated charcoal. There was a decrease in Pb levels from points 1,2 and 3 as much as 73%, 49% and 55.23%. Meanwhile, Fe metal decreased from points 1, 2 and 3 as much as 58%, 66% and 81%. And on Cd there was a decrease of 44%, 61% and 92%. From these percentage results, activated charcoal from mangroves can be said to be effective because it can absorb metals in river water. Pb metal in river water in East Kombos Manado City has passed the concentration specified in Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021, Class II Water Quality Standards.