Papers by Keyword: Raw Materials

Abstract: The paper deals with the production of fiber cement and the use of alternative raw materials in its production. The paper describes the basic technologies used for the production of fiber cement with a description of their advantages and disadvantages for the given type of product. The paper also describes the most commonly used types of fillers and their impact on the final fiber cement products. The paper also describes selected alternative raw materials used for the production of fiber cement and their impact on the final products. The paper describes the possible use of waste dust from facade fiber cement boards in the production of corrugated sheets. Trial recipes were designed with partial replacement of original raw materials with waste dust. The fiber-cement corrugated sheets were produced with using Hatchesk technology. Mainly was investigated the influence of the addition of waste dust on the strength characteristics and the volume weight of the final products. The produced sheets were tested according to EN 494+A1: 2016 Fibre-cement profiled sheets and fittings - Product specification and test methods. The tested samples with waste dust reached comparable results like sheets produced according to standard recipe. No negative effect was proven of the addition of waste dust on the strength characteristics of final products.

Abstract: In this paper, the effect of raw materaisl on the properties of coated Al₂O₃/Al cermet materials were investigated, the raw materials were prepared via different methods, which provide a reference for obtaining higher performance cermet materials. Through mixing, molding, sintering, sample preparation, scanning electron microscopic observation, energy spectrometer observation and analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn, the density of the cermet material prepared by the mechanical ball milling method (83.5%) is higher than that of the cermet material prepared by the chemical precipitation method (92.8%). It is nearly 10% lower. The alumina particles prepared by the ball milling method are agglomerated, and a large amount of agglomeration occurs in the aluminum, and the composition is very uneven. For materials prepared by the precipitation method, the aluminum oxide is uniformly distributed in the aluminum. The ball-milling powder is used to prepare materials, most of the alumina is in the form of particles, and in the precipitation method. In the powder preparation sample, the thin layer of alumina which forms the same eggshell envelops the aluminum, and the aluminum has a certain liquid phase change. the surface hardness (824HV) of the cermet material prepared by the mechanical ball milling method is lower than the surface hardness (1005HV) of the cermet material prepared by the chemical precipitation method.

Abstract: The macro- and microstructure is investigated by microscopic analysis methods. The elemental, granulo-metric and mineralogical composition of diatomite of the Chernoyarskoe deposit is determined. As a result of complex thermal analysis, using a differential scanning calorimeter, intervals of continuous dehydration of diatomite were studied, as well as polymorphic transformations of quartz and other minerals. Physical-chemical methods of research have discovered that diatomite of the Chernoyarskoe deposit contains amorphous silica, quartzite, clay impurities, opal and minor amounts of calcite, mica, zeolite, and so this diatomite is a promising raw material for the synthesis of foam glass.

Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries are crucial for non-emission technologies, like electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. The growing battery market causes supply risks for affected raw materials like cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and, in the future, lithium. On the other hand, the number of end-of-life Li-ion batteries grows significantly and provides an additional source for these critical materials via recycling. In electrohydraulic fragmentation (EHF), Li-ion battery cells are disintegrated at component interfaces, thus separating those components. Battery materials like cathode active material, graphite, electrode foils and housing parts can be extracted for producing new batteries or for further refining in hydrometallurgical processing. Compared to state-of-the-art pyrometallurgical recycling, the EHF is more energy and cost efficient due to the easy processing to a valuable battery material product.

Abstract: In many developing country’s mining exploitations are the main activities sources, and its exploitation is generating many mining wastes and environmental impacts. In order to use these waste, an innovative powder and aggregate were designed, aimed at providing alternative materials by cementitious supplementary materials and sand in Portland cement mortars. This paper investigates the use of raw mineral waste from some developing countries, namely Granite Residue (GR), from Niger, Mining Tailings (MT), from Madagascar, and red Volcanic Scoria (VS), from Cameroon as building materials. These raw materials were valorized as supplementary cementitious materials (GR powder, MS powder and VS powder) and as sand (GR sand and VS sand). GR sand and VS sand were used by 100% replacement of standard sand and GR powder, MS powder and VS powder were used by 5, 15, 25, or/and 35% cement replacement. Physical properties and mechanical properties of raw materials used and mortars obtained were investigated. The effects of these raw materials on properties of mortar mixes were studied and reported. Results show that, with sand from raw mineral waste materials, the compressive and flexural strengths of the produced mortar represented up than 70% and up than 85% respectively in comparison with mortar produce with siliceous standard sand. The reduction of strength of mortar with raw powder as ordinary Portland cement replacement is generally smaller than replacement ratio. Activity index of each raw powder is about 75% for ratio replacement of 5, 15 and 25%. Particle size distribution of raw powder and sand have an influence on the workability and mechanical properties of mortars. In conclusion, the use of raw mineral waste as a raw powder or as sand for mortar production presents an economical and environmental advantage for developing countries where mining exploitations are abundant.

Abstract: The article presents a technique for assigning the composition of the agglutinant sand, which is based on the calculation and experimental approach to determining the composition, taking into account the quality of raw materials used and the requirements for the properties of concrete products produced. The obtained results served as the basis for the practical implementation of the proposed technological method of increasing the small-sized products durability made of fine-grain concrete.

Abstract: The use of titanium dioxide is so diverse that varies from food to heavy industry and it is the main substance in the titanium industry. Over 90% of the world's mined titanium concentrates are processed to produce pigments. The sources for the production of titanium dioxide are the typically used titanium-containing ores including minerals rutile, ilmenite, and others. The volume of world production of titanium dioxide pigment exceeds 5 million tons per year and it is carried out in two ways: sulphate and chlorine (in approximately equal volumes). The changed approach to the green production processes requires the improvement of existing technologies and the development of new methods for processing titanium-containing raw materials. The authors have experimentally confirmed the high efficiency of complex, waste-free processing of titanium-containing raw materials developed by hydrofluoride. Creating pigment production on the basis hydrofluoride method will meet not only the domestic needs but also offer thepigment for export, as its parameters will surpass those of the best world analogues.

Abstract: In an era when the economic crisis is coupled with the immigrants crisis thus exponentially increasing the number of those who need social assistance the need of living spaces is increasingly more. Building of such areas requires a high consumption of resources without fully addressing the requirements of comfort and efficiency. The Life cycle assessment of the product LCA is an environmental management technique that identifies flows of materials, energy and waste of a product during a product life-cycle management and environmental impact. Life cycle assessment (LCA) models the complex interaction between a product and the environment from cradle to grave. It is also known as life cycle analysis or ecobalance. Even though the LCA methodology is applied in building social housing there are few studies which analyze its impact on the construction phase of design, production, use and post- use as well as how the use of precast technology would meet LCA. The study aims is to identify those technologies and building materials that meet both the increasing requirement of achievement of cheap social housing but also meet the quality and environment standards. In this context the LCA (Life-cycle assessment), help us to develop a new methodology which consider the concept of housing as a product made from organic materials, cheap, easy to put into practice, which retain their value over the life of the building with minimal intervention during operation, and when the demolition occurs, the used materials can be exploited with low power consumption and without harming the environment.

Abstract: Using high quality carbon raw material,high quality silica raw material , the β-SiC powder are prepared by high-temperature vacuum smelting method. The effects of different materials and electrical power to the product of β-SiC quality has been studied. The microstructure and phase analysis of β-SiC powder samples were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The result shows that the raw materials are better, the product quality are better. In addition, the result also indicates that the β-SiC powder have better quality when the power are 3000W.

Abstract: In modern economy bioethanol, the mix has an increasing application in the processing of renewable vegetable raw materials, which contain ethanol as the basic component, which is in turn applied in the production of biofuel. The countries producing large volumes of grain use cereal cultures including wheat, corn, rye, millet to produce bioethanol. The article investigates the problems and prospects of biofuel production in the Republic of Kazakhstan.