Papers by Keyword: Regulation

Abstract: Over the past two decades, numerous research efforts have been aimed at developing efficient transmissions, in particular automotive ones, which can significantly reduce energy consumption and improve the dynamic properties of the car. The driving performance of a vehicle is one of the most important qualities that ensures comfortable movement of the passenger, which also affects traffic safety. One way to achieve this goal is to use transmissions that provide continuously variable control. gear ratio. The Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) provides continuous shifting, changing the ratio between the input and output shafts within the desired range, which consequently improves fuel economy and vehicle performance by better matching engine operating conditions to changing road conditions. This article discusses the possibility of using composite transmissions - gear differential mechanisms closed by (CVT). Various schemes of composite transmissions are given. The conditions under which the transmission ratio of the entire transmission must be changed by changing the transmission ratio (CVT) included in the combined transmission have been studied.

Abstract: The production of the most abundant chemical element in the atmosphere, hydrogen, particularly green hydrogen (i.e. hydrogen in its cleanest and most sustainable form), is quickly becoming a priority for nations worldwide. This interest is mainly attributed to, among other factors, its potential to serve as a cornerstone of the global energy transition to low-carbon economies. Green hydrogen possesses the potential to decarbonize the so-called “hard-to-abate,” sectors i.e., energy-intensive sectors, such as heavy industries, iron and steel production, and transportation - including aviation and shipping, among other economic sectors.The growing focus on the adoption of green hydrogen as a viable decarbonization pathway must be viewed against the backdrop of global commitments and international imperatives to address the adverse effects of climate change. Such commitments emanate from instruments such as the Paris Agreement of 2015 and obligations towards meeting the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Further, the “Just Energy Transition" journey towards decarbonization must also be contextualized within different jurisdictions, in line with their situations and context-specific goals, geographic locations, and policy frameworks.Much like other nations worldwide, the South African regulatory framework for hydrogen is still emerging, as it is presently dominated by soft law instruments such as roadmaps, strategies and guiding documents, as opposed to binding and enforceable hard law instruments. For example, the South African Hydrogen Society Roadmap of 2022, the Integrated Resource Plan, the Integrated Energy Plan, and the Renewable Energy Policy, among other significant policy documents, highlight the fundamental role that green hydrogen would play in South Africa’s energy transition. Whilst other legal and policy documents may apply to the hydrogen value chain, such as the various safety requirements in the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1996, there is a lacuna of hydrogen-specific hard law regulation, including, importantly, regulations regarding certification (which will need to be aligned internationally).In light of the above, this paper discusses the potential of green hydrogen in the context of South Africa and explores the current position in the country. It further canvasses emerging developments within the hydrogen space. This analysis aims to identify gaps or lacunas in the law, risks, and challenges for South Africa’s hydrogen economy. The article proceeds to provide recommendations for a policy and regulatory regime for hydrogen in Southern Africa. It draws on examples from countries and regions such as the European Union (EU), which are further along in terms of regulating hydrogen, but contextualizing this discussion within the African, and specifically Southern African context. This budding industry provides an opportunity to learn from past energy mistakes and create an appropriate regulatory and policy framework that works and benefits Africa.

Abstract: Nuclear medicine is a medical science that utilizes radionuclide with gamma ray radiation energy to ionizing the patient’s object either aimed for diagnostic imaging or cancer therapy. Total number of nuclear medicine facilities in Indonesia is 17 hospitals. Unfortunately, there are only 10 hospitals that actively carrying out nuclear medicine services. In order to support the Indonesia cancer management commitment program, the Ministry of Health urges the nuclear medicine facility in Indonesia need to be improved both the quality and facility’s requirement. The standard of nuclear medicine facility services in Indonesia is regulated by the Ministry of Health decree number 008/ MENKES/SK/I/2009, yet unfortunately it has not regulated any specified facility’s technical requirements including layout design, mechanical and electrical aspects. Hence, in this research, we conducted a literature review on the nuclear medicine service facilities’ requirements, referring to the Ministry of Health, the Indonesia Nuclear Energy Agency, and the International Health Facility Guidelines. We conducted thoroughly field observations in ten nuclear medicine facilities in Indonesia to propose the technical requirements and room’s layout design recommendations for nuclear medicine facility in Indonesia. In conclusion of this investigation, the availability of room, utility and instrumentation of nuclear medicine in Indonesia mostly meet the International guidelines, except the room construction aspect. Therefore, our study will promote this shortcoming to fulfill the facility’s requirement recommendation in new regulation of nuclear medicine facilities in Indonesia in the near future for the sake of better patients’ and healthworkers’ safety.

Abstract: The paper considers the relationship of the rheological properties of three-phase dispersed systems with capillary coupling and, on this basis, substantiates the possibility of directional regulation of the rheological properties of raw materials for the production of building materials. It is shown that the rheological properties of two-phase dispersed systems are determined mainly by the action of intermolecular forces in the liquid-filled contact zones of solid phase particles, and in three-phase systems – by the action of capillary coupling forces.

Abstract: In order to support National Logistics System continuity there are at least three (3) main components that should synergize well, namely the sea side (sea transport), the land side (hinterland transport) and the part that connects between the two (port). Port performance will greatly affect the performance of the national logistics system as a whole. One of the indicator of a country's logistics performance evaluation is the ease of arranging shipments of goods at competitive prices (shipment). One of the components of logistics costs which become concern of many parties is the port costs, in order to support the national high logistics cost reduction, study related to the port tariff structure and its associated regulations is needed, especially a matter to formulate and determining policy related to pricing port services. The survey and analysis will be carried out in an attempt to identified the port tariff structure as basis to determining the port pricing model. Port tariff structure analysis include the Identification of port services and cost component (user and port operator point of view). Based on the analysis of transport logistics cost, the shipping cost contribute 48%, port cost 40% and hinterland cost 12%. The port cost on the container terminal, the stevedoring costs contribute 42%, followed by the cargodoring cost 58%. It takes further analysis for stevedoring tariff and tariff lift-on / lift-off container given a large contribution to the overall cost of loading and unloading at the port. Port pricing formulation problem associated with cost (competitiveness), performance (level of services) and value added (value added to the customer), so that the best approach for determinining port cost and tariff are: (1) the first best pricing approach is MC = MR = P, (2) the second best pricing approach is LRMC. We suggest that the pricing policy for ports where tariff formulation needs to consider the external factors (currency, rates, fuel price, minimum salary and etc) and differentiated based on the level of port service. Relevant quality level of port service factors are the time in port, and the punctuality of handling the vessel and its cargo. Port Tariff = f (Cost of Goods Manufactured (production unit cost), Margin, Level of Service (LS)) and Maximum Port Tariff = 1.25 % ofproduction unit cost .

Abstract: The following article describes the designed and implemented mathematical model of the distribution model of heat consumption in an urban agglomeration. The model is intended for the prediction of heat supply, which can be applied in the regulation system. Depending on the structure of a given real-life system it is usually required for the heating water temperature to be predicted.For the purposes of describing the heat consumption characteristics a function characterizing the heat consumption fluctuation has been established. The fluctuation is defined by number of variables such as outdoor temperatures, solar radiation etc.

Abstract: The different interests of the two populations towards recyclable waste led to a different scenario: in Romania all types of WEEE have been collected since its entrance into the EU; in China the ‘‘interest’’ in recycling is typically related to large household appliances, with a secondary role are the regulations covering three major issues, namely, take-back issues, controls on hazardous substances in WEEE and the assurance of good environmental management in WEEE plants. Keywords: WEEE, Collection, Recycling, Regulation, Consumption

Abstract: Building "short-lived" phenomenon is very common in China. It is extremely wasteful for a developing country with limited resources and financial resources (per capita). Any green low carbon, energy saving and environmental protection without building safety would like water without a source, and a tree without roots. Extending the building life, based on Chinese current situation, mainly starts out here from two aspects of new buildings and the existing buildings, and need strengthen government regulation. Fundamentally extend building life and promote building energy efficiency.

Abstract: Low molecular weight materials from low density polyethylene (LDPE) were detected and the results were compared with the legal regulations imposed by China and the United States of America. Four types of films were tested using ASTM D 5227 imposed by USA while two resin samples underwent a test according to the standard method GB/T 5009.58-2003 of China Regulation. Applicable legal compliance used was the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and China Food Hygiene Law. All LDPE grades from local manufacturers comply with US FDA CFR 177.152 Specification 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 except for D2 grade which failed to meet the specification 2.2. For China Food Hygiene Law, C1, D1 and D2 samples failed to meet the specified standard. This study also highlighted the result obtain testing the resin and film for both compliance tests.

Abstract: Safety is the main factor of vegetable production, management and consumption. Vegetable security ties with the masses of the people's vital interests and the health and safety. In recent years, constantly improve vegetable safety supervision mechanism in our country, carry out comprehensive governance and rectification of vegetable safety severely heavy vegetable safety illegal and criminal behavior. But vegetables pesticide residues on vegetables safety problems appear frequently. Vegetable safety has become the focus of attention. National vegetable safety base is still weak, vegetable safety law regulation a long way to go. Treats only comprehensive, scientific regulation, vegetable quality and safety supervision work to create a new situation unceasingly. Since China's vegetable safety supervising actuality, this paper analyzed the vegetables safe current legal regulation system and security law regulation of specific measures.