Papers by Keyword: Rice

Abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important source of food which provide diet to more than 50% of Nigerias population. A principal objective in modern agriculture is to enhance productivity while adhering to ecological principles, creating a demand for sustainable pest management strategies like biocontrol agents (BCAs). The fungus Trichoderma, a prominent BCA, employs a multi-enzymatic system to exert its biocontrol effects. Its efficacy is largely attributed to enzymes that degrade pathogen cell walls, improve resilience against biotic and abiotic stressors, and support robust hyphal development. Trichoderma viride was isolated and identified using morphological and molecular techniques, with ITS sequencing and subsequent BLAST analysis on the NCBI database. The experiment consists of four treatments (FAR044; treated with Trichoderma viride and control; SIPPIRICE; treated with Trichoderma viride) laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD). The result demonstrated statistically significant enhancements in plant growth parameters due to Trichoderma viride treatment, with P-value of (p = 0.001) for treatment type, (p = 0.001) for time (week), and (p = 0.002) for the treatment-time interaction. By Week 5, Trichoderma viride-treated Far044 plants exhibited a mean height of 10.0 ± 0.8 cm, leaf blade length of 6.0 ± 0.5 cm, and 8.0 ± 0.6 shoots per plant, surpassing untreated controls by 34.5%, 32.1%, and 53.8%, respectively. Cohen's d effect sizes for these parameters were substantial: 1.5 (plant height), 1.4 (leaf size), and 1.7 (shoot number), all indicative of large treatment effects. Sippirice plants displayed analogous trends but with reduced increments: 7.2 cm height gain (vs. 10.0 cm in Far044), 4.3 cm leaf expansion (vs. 6.0 cm), and 6.5 shoots (vs. 8.0), reflecting varietal differences in growth responsiveness. These findings position Trichoderma viride as a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides, particularly for resource-constrained regions like Nigeria and promote the Growth of plant and ultimately increased the grain yield significantly compared to control without any hazardous effect on the environment.

Abstract: Riceberry rice has a dark purple color; and a high content of antioxidants, which could affect the digestion behaviors and its application. This study is aimed to analyze the starch digestion rate and predict the bio-accessibility of polyphenols in various modified Riceberry flours during the in vitro digestive process. It also discussed the relationship between the rate of digestion and polyphenol release, which provided basic information about the digestion behavior of Riceberry flour. Seven rice flour samples were used for this study, which included six physically treated flours: annealed flour (AF), heat moisture-treated flour (HMT), pregelatinized flour (Pregel), ultra-sonicated flour (US), wet microwave-treated flour (Wet), dry microwave treated flour (Dry), and untreated (control sample). The obtained results showed that, compared with the control sample, the digestion rate of the Pregel sample was higher, while the others had lower values. However, the Pregel sample showed the second highest rank of bio-accessible polyphenol during digestion after the US sample. While the HMT sample presented the lowest rate of starch digestion and release of bioactive compounds. This investigation also used an artificial neural network (ANN) to forecast the starch digestion and polyphenol bio-accessibility of rice flours. During digestion, the ANN model demonstrated a high capacity to predict the polyphenol bio-accessibility and starch hydrolysis percentage. There was a goodness of fit between the ANN-predicted and the actual values (R² >0.95). The importance of the bioavailability and bio-accessibility analysis indicates the functional potential that flour can have, which could be predicted effectively by applying modern techniques such as the ANN model. Moreover, it was also concluded that the digestive tract readily absorbs released polyphenol compounds in rice flour, which also influences the rate of starch hydrolysis. However, the impact could vary depending on the flour’s starch fraction content and the polyphenol activity, which is a topic for future investigation. The high antioxidant content and low digestion rate of flour could be highly promising functional materials for application in the food industry.

Abstract: This work aims at comparing the mechanical properties of Rice-Husk-Ash-Cement (RHA) concrete produced from magnetized water and normal water. Cement was replaced with 25% RHA being the optimum value from previous research. Water was magnetized by a magnetic device fabricated by the research team and level of magnetization was determined using magnetic field sensor application. The chemical composition of RHA shows that it contained 89.42% of oxides to be used as a pozzolan. Magnetization reduced total dissolved solid, total soluble solid, chloride content and surface tension while pH increased. The workability of magnetized and normal water concrete samples was determined. It was magnetized water concrete samples that gave higher workability than normal water concrete. Compressive, Flexural and Split tensile strengths of magnetized and normal water concrete were determined at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of curing by immersion in portable water. Magnetization shown higher influence on early strengths of concrete. Compressive, Flexural and Split tensile strengths of concrete improved between 13.25%-18.63%, 14.83%-18.02% and 9.80%-31.63%, respectively when magnetized water was introduced during concrete production. STATA package was used to analysis the data. The descriptive statistics show that mean, standard deviation error and standard deviation for concrete produced with magnetized water were all higher than that of concrete produced with normal water for all properties tested. However, inferential statistics show that there is no significant difference in the mean compressive, flexural and tensile strengths of concrete produced with magnetized water and normal water since P-value obtained was higher than the error margin of 0.05(P>0.05) for all the tested properties of concrete.

Abstract: Rice is one of the most consumed cereals in the world, and the cultivation of this crop has significant relevance in the southern region of Brazil. When subjected to inadequate conditions of temperature and humidity, rice becomes susceptible to attacks from pests and fungi and, therefore, care in the storage process is of paramount importance, since this is largely responsible for the quality of the harvest. Such care allows the food to arrive without harm to the consumer. In this sense, the mathematical modeling, among numerous possibilities, allows for evaluating the internal temperature of a silo and, through this, taking preventive measures so that the grains maintain their quality. The objective of this work is to model the heat transfer process in a silo prototype containing rice in husk through the explicit finite difference method for a one-dimensional and transient model considering two approaches centered on the spatial derivative: error of order 2 and 4. In addition, the thermal diffusivity of the grain with average value was analyzed. The results obtained by the solutions were analyzed through graphs and statistical indexes comparing with the experimental data of the literature, and the computer simulation was performed through the Google Colab platform. The chosen methodology proved effective for the work, and the predicted temperatures for the approximations of order 2 and 4 denote similarities both graphically and in the precision of the statistical indexes.

Abstract: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) were successfully synthesized from aloe vera extract and zinc sulphate as zinc precursor. Characterizations of the ZnO-NP were performed using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, XRD, FESEM and TEM analysis. The absorption peak from UV–Vis was at 380 nm while the XRD diagram displays high purity ZnO-NP. FESEM and TEM analysis showed agglomerated particles with a wide size distribution range. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) pathotype 0.0 generated a product with the size of 230 bp similar to in silico PCR results, verifying the pathotype on molecular level. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activities of the ZnO-NP against Xoo pathotype 0.0 were assessed. Xoo (10⁸ cfu/ml) were grown in LB broth supplemented with various concentrations of ZnO-NP. Collection of samples were done at 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours of incubation, grown on LB agar and observed for bacterial growth. Colony forming unit (cfu/ml) values revealed the number of viable cells decreased with high concentrations of ZnO-NP whereas minimal inhibition was observed at lower ZnO-NP concentrations. At lower bacteria cfu/ml (10³ cfu/ml), it was found that at 24 hours incubation, ZnO-NP gave comparable antibacterial effects to commercial ZnO-NP and commercial non-nanoZnO after exposure for 1 hour. However, the antimicrobial effects decreased after 48 hours. It was also noted that the ZnO-NP provide better suppression of bacterial growth at lower bacterial concentration.

Abstract: Chemical fertilizers currently poison arable agriculture, so organic fertilizers are now a new trend for soil improvement. This study investigates the appropriate ratio of fertilizer use and materials mixed with sewage sludge in the anaerobic co-digestion treatment method, which will best support agriculture. In the study, bio-organic fertilizer was composted of the co-digestion anaerobic with sewage sludge and agricultural wastes such as rice husk, rice husk charcoal, water hyacinth, cassava peel, and then tested on rice. The specific criteria of fertilizers such as total organic (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and effective phosphorus (P₂O₅) and plant growth parameters such as germination rate (%), tillering rate, total weight (g) were evaluated. Initial results show the untreated sludge can be impacted negatively on plant development. The concentration of nutrients in the co-digestion composts was meet the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture’s standards of organic fertilizer. These bio-fertilizers will play an important role in soil productivity and sustainability. Hence, the widespread use of organic fertilizers from waste to partially replace chemical fertilizers will open up opportunities to reduce farming costs for farmers and develop agriculture sustainably.

Abstract: This chapter presents an analytical modeling of mass transfer in wet porous bodies during the continuous and intermittent drying process in fixed bed. The drying process was simulated assuming the liquid diffusion as the only mass transport mechanism and constant mass diffusion coefficient. The presented models involve spherical, cylindrical and prolatespheroidalgeometries. Simulation tests of intermittent drying of ellipsoidal solids were performed and the results were compared with the continuous drying curve in order to evaluate the tempering effect in the drying process optimization. It was possible to simulate the moisture distribution during the tempering period. As an application, the methodology is used to describe intermittent drying of rough rice (BRSMG Conai variety) at temperature of 40°C and tempering periods from 0 to 1 hour. Experimental data were used to estimate the diffusion coefficient. Under the considered operating conditions, it was verified that intermittent drying provides reduction in effective operating time when compared to continuous drying.

Abstract: The influence of light irradiation with different intensity parameters and different spectral composition on morphogenic structures, namely green zones of cultivar Dolinny cell cultures was investigated. Light irradiation was generated by 10 types of LEDs with different spectra: cold white (Cold W), white (W), warm white (Warm W), Full spectrum, Red, Deep Red, Yellow, Green, Blue and Royal Blue. It was shown that LEDs with Cold W, W and Royal Blue more actively influenced on green zones generation, while Red, Red Deep, Yellow и Green displayed no results. Standard fluorescent lighting illumination (WFL) was used as a control. The number of induced green zones was lower under control luminescent light (WFL) in comparison with the green zones, which were induced by the illumination of the most active spectra of LEDs, but lifetime of these control structures was longer. After 19 weeks of cultivation, degradation of the green zones of the calli was not observed under control and LEDs Cold W, Warm W, and Blue in the position with maximal intensity of light. The Royal Blue illumination displayed the same results not only in the position with maximum intensity but also at the other intensities approaching the control values (49,3 230 μmol/s*m2).

Abstract: State diagram is a map of the different states of a food polymer as a function of water or solids content and temperature. The main advantage of drawing map is in identifying different states of a food polymer which helps in understanding the complex changes when food's water content and temperature are changed. It also assists in identifying food’s stability during storage as well as selecting suitable conditions for processing. This research successfully developed the state diagrams of two Thai rice varieties differing in amylose contents (San-pah-tawng and Phitsanulok 2) by measuring the glass line; glass transition temperature (Tg) vs. solids content, freezing curve; initial freezing point vs. solids content by using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method. Rice with different amylose content exhibited similar freezing curves and glass transition patterns. The state diagrams obtained in this study are in agreement with previously published data. They can be useful in optimizing the drying and freezing processes as well as studying the physicochemical changes during storage of rice.

Abstract: The aim of this report is to introduce a simulation model of the process of obtaining second-generation bioethanol from waste food industry (rice husk and whey), using Aspen HYSYS simulator in stationary state. The objective is to add value to this waste for the production of sustainable biofuels, helping to solve two problems shortages of oil and the generation of effluent dairies. The model includes the steps of hydrolysis, fermentation and separation of bioethanol generated from lignocellulosic waste (rice husk) in combination with whey, achieving the equipment design and operating conditions to reach a production of bioethanol of 7.57 t/h with a purity of 91.9% w/w from 28.89 t/h of pretreated biomass and 88 t/h whey.