Papers by Keyword: Rice Straw

Abstract: In the search for environmentally acceptable and sustainable energy storage solutions, biomass-derived biochar materials are becoming popular in supercapacitor applications. Rice straw is regularly disposed of as agricultural waste, but it is an intriguing biomass precursor for synthesizing activated biochar suitable for supercapacitor electrodes. This study exhibited the utilization of activated biochar synthesized from rice straw through pyrolysis and potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation for supercapacitor applications. Structural examination, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen (N₂) adsorption and desorption, showed the activated rice straw-derived biochar‘s distinct crystal structure, morphological structure, pore structure, and surface area. Rice straw-derived biochar revealed an amorphous structure, nanosheet-like or multilayered morphology, and hierarchical pore structure. Electrochemical characterization showed that the activated rice straw-derived biochar has high specific capacitances of 116.48 F/g at 1 A/g and 84.58 F/g at 5 A/g, respectively. The amorphous character, hierarchical pore structure, and nanosheet-like morphology of the rice straw-derived biochar provided favorable properties for effective ion transfer for high electrochemical performance. These findings exhibited the prospects of rice straw as a sustainable and economical biomass precursor to produce excellent electrode material in supercapacitor applications.

Abstract: In this study, we utilized an adsorbent based on rice straw for reducing hexavalent chromium ions (Cr (VI)) in an aqueous solution. The rice straw as adsorbent raw material was washed, dried, and powdered. Rice straw powder was heated at 450°C for 2 hours to obtain rice straw adsorbent. The adsorbent was activated with 1M H₃PO₄ for 4 hours. Characterization of the adsorbent was done using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) method. FTIR spectra showed the presence of hydroxy, carboxylic, aromatic, and ether groups on the surface of the rice straw and the made adsorbent. The reduction of Cr (VI) ions in aqueous solutions was carried out using the adsorption batch method. The adsorption process was conducted in various the Cr (VI) solutions pH for 1-5 and variations in contact time for 5-720 minutes. The highest percentage reduction of Cr (VI) reached 66.90%. It has occurred at pH 2 and equilibrium at 600 minutes of contact time.

Abstract: Rice straw and rice husk fibers (RS/RH) reinforced polymer-based composites have theability to conserve wood and petroleum resources. As natural filler, rice straw and rice husk offer asustainable material for the production of polymer-based composites. The application ofbiocomposite limits the burning of straw at the root and may further enhance the socioeconomicstatus of farmers and rural populations. This review mainly focuses on five different weightpercentage of reinforced RS and RH fiber content (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) in polymercomposites. Nowadays, Epoxy, polyurethane, polyester, PVA, PLA and polyethylene are beingused as matrix material in polymer composites. This paper holds good with understanding themechanical properties, pretreatment methods and offer important insight into potential uses ofpolymer composites with biodegradable reinforce fiber.

Abstract: Cellulose nanosphere (CNS) is a novel material isolated through delignification, bleaching, acid hydrolysis, dialysis, and sonication of cellulose fibers from agricultural wastes such as corn husk and rice straw. Comparative examination through multiple characterizations of CNS from these cellulose sources was conducted to investigate its potential applications. Corn husk cellulose nanospheres (CHCNS) and rice straw cellulose nanospheres (RSCNS) were characterized by its chemical characteristics, crystallinity, surface morphology and thermal stability. FTIR showed the same transmittance patterns for both CNS samples. The peaks for CHCNS and RSCNS in the NMR analysis were comparable, and the presence of toluene enabled the CNS dissolve better in DMSO-d₆. Higher crystallinity index was calculated in CHCNS than in RSCNS according to XRD analysis. TEM analysis demonstrated that CHCNS has shorter diameter than RSCNS. Lower onset degradation temperature relative to their corresponding bleached cellulose fiber was determined through TG Analysis. Biomedical applications such as drug delivery, wound dressings and tissue engineering are the most suitable applications based on the profiles of both CNS samples.

Abstract: The particle size of the rice straw and boiling duration play an essential role in the applicability of this material. They affect the rice straw’s mechanical properties, which is one of the critical parameters in bio-based material development. In order to have a clear insight into the effect, rice straw particle materials form without a hot press machine route to avoid bias due to the material response to the pressure and heat transfer effect. The rice straw particle incorporates corn starch as a bio-adhesive with an equal composition ratio. It turns out that finer particle sizes (mesh 60 and 40) achieve higher tensile strength compared to mesh 18 particles. The optimum boiling duration is two hours. Longer boiling times reduce the mechanical properties of rice straw particle-based materials.

Abstract: The background of this study is to reduce and reuse agricultural waste, specifically rice husk and rice straw waste. This research aimed to determine the sound absorption coefficient / noise absorption coefficient (NAC) of a composite material made of rice husk and rice straw so that it can be used as an alternative acoustic material. Rice husk and straw were processed into composite materials using a polyester matrix with a volume fraction of 30:70 and sample thickness variations of 25 mm and 40 mm. In addition to treating variations in sample thickness, samples were made with different cavity holes diameter variations, including flat (without cavity holes), 3 mm, and 4 mm with 10 mm cavity depth. Samples were tested using a type 4206 impedance tube with two microphones according to the ASTM E1050 standard in the 200 – 1600 Hz frequency range. According to the findings of this study, the maximum sound absorption coefficient value of the rice straw composite material is obtained from samples with a thickness variation of 40 mm and a cavity diameter of 3 mm, with α value of 0.87 at a high frequency of 1,600 Hz. Meanwhile, the rice husk composite material's maximum sound absorption coefficient value was obtained from samples with a thickness variation of 40 mm and a cavity diameter of 3 mm with α value of 0.65 at a low frequency of 400 Hz. According to the findings of this study, rice straw composite material and rice husk composite material have different properties as sound absorbing materials and can be used as acoustic materials in a specific frequency range.

Abstract: Cellulose is one of the main components of plants, depending on the plants, the cellulose content can be up to 98%. Cellulose has a wide range of use. It can be used in the food industries, pharmacy, paper, and chemical industries. To extract the cellulose from biomass, the biomass needs to undergo a pre-treatment. This study uses steam explosion pre-treatment as it does not cause hazards to the environment, has low energy cost, and low investment cost. In this pre-treatment, steam will be injected into the biomass until the pressure reach 15 bar, then decline rapidly to make an explosion that causes damage to cellulose crystalline. After that, the process continues to main process, which are washing, and alcohol extraction. Then continued to alcohol recovery. After considering many factors, a cellulose plant from rice straw will be built in 2023 in industrial parks Java Integrated Industrial and Ports Estate or known as JIIPE with a capacity of 370,000 tons/ year. Based on economic analysis, this plant has an internal rate of return of 35.17% and a payout time of 3.98 years. This makes this plant feasible to be built.

Abstract: Biochar research has been gaining recent interest in agricultural applications because of its use as a soil amendment. Biochar is a porous carbonaceous solid produced from heat in the absence of any introduced oxygen (pyrolysis). It has relatively high surface area and slow-release properties that makes it suitable for fertilizer formulation. In this study, rice straw is used for biochar production using modified carbonizer at 600-650°C temperature range. After synthesis in the nanoscale level, the biochar produced was infused with nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc. The morphological characteristics were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy dispersive Xray spectrometry (EDS). Nutrients were incorporated in the biochar and analysis revealed concentrations of 4.96% N, 3.46% P, 2.25% K, and 10.90% OM. The nanoscale biochar-based fertilizer was then applied into rice production. Rice grown in soil amended with nanoscale biochar-based fertilizer showed higher yield than control treatments but with comparable result from the inorganic fertilizer treatments. This implies that biochar can be used as an alternative to chemical based fertilizer when infused with the essential nutrients needed by plants. Furthermore, the soil amended with the nanoscale biochar-based fertilizer was also found to have a higher nutrient and organic matter content after harvest. Therefore, it could preserve the soil fertility which is beneficial in the long term.

Abstract: The use of bio-based concretes performed with lignocellulosic aggregates constitute an interesting solution for reducing the energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and CO₂ generated by the building sector. Indeed, bio-based materials could be used as an alternative of traditional materials such as expended polystyrene and mineral resources (e.g. glass and rock wools) for insulation. Furthermore, these bio-based concretes are known for their interesting insulation properties, indeed they allow to enhance thermal properties of buildings and enables moisture management which lead to design efficient building materials. For this purpose, bio-based concrete using rice straw as aggregate are studied in this present work. The impact of the characteristics of rice straw particle (particle size distribution, bulk density, and water absorption capacity, etc.) on both the mechanical and thermal properties of the bio-based concrete are investigated. Five formulations of rice straw concrete are examined, compared and then classified in terms of insulation properties and mechanical properties. The assessments are based on the measurement of density and thermal conductivity. The variation of compressive strength in function of the characteristics (mean particle length) of rice straw particle are assessed and discussed. The investigation covers also the porosity and density. Tests are also carried out on agricultural by-products with a view to highlight their chemical, physical and structural proprieties. The results show that the use of large particles with low water absorption capacity induce lighter concretes with the density between 339 and 505 kg/m3 and lead to a high compressive strength with a high mechanical deformability. Furthermore, it appears that an increase in the average length of rice straw particle lead to decrease of thermal conductivity of bio-based concretes. It varies from 0.062 to 0.085 W/(m.K).

Abstract: Rice straw, an abundant agricultural waste, is shown to be a promising resource for pulp and paper packaging manufacturing. In this study, rice straw pulps or cellulose fibers were extracted using a soda-AQ process and then the rice straw pulp slurries were refined by a Valley beater. The effect of refining time (15-60 min) on the pulp fiber characteristics was studied. It was found that both initial fiber length and width were decreased with refining time. The refined fibers became fibrillated, finer, and also more uniform in size confirmed by SEM. The pulp freeness (CSF) was reduced with increasing refining time as expected due to higher water-holding capacity of more fibrillated pulps. Then, the molded sheets were formed from the prepared rice straw pulps and examined. From tensile testing, the results indicated that the tensile properties of the molded sheets from the refined pulps were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05), thanks to an increase in fibrillated fiber surface area and inter-fiber bonding degree. The Valley beater refined rice straw pulp provided the molded sheet with the highest tensile index of 51.96 ± 4.08 Nm/g which are comparable to that of the sheets prepared from PFI mill refining process. The tensile properties of the current refined sheets were also in the acceptable range for typical commercial molded pulp packaging. In addition, the freeness values of the optimal Valley beater refined pulps are relatively high (348-423 ml), implying a benefit in forming process and manufacturing of pulp products.