Papers by Keyword: Rubber

Abstract: The incorporation of natural fillers like eggshells in polymers has gain attention due to their potential capability to enhance some properties while providing possible cost savings. In this paper, quail eggshells were used as bio-based filler in silicone rubber and their effects on the mechanical properties were investigated. For the composite manufacturing, samples containing 4.8 wt.% (5 phr), 9.1 wt.% (10 phr) and 13 wt.% (15 phr) of crushed quail eggshells were manually prepared. The mechanical characterization tests considered are compression, tensile and hardness. Based from the results, the sample with 4.8 wt.% filler achieved the highest compressive strength of 2.79 MPa and hardness of 53.3 which correspond to improvements of about 11 % and 6 % as compared to the plain rubber, respectively. These enhancements can be associated with the good dispersion of the filler at lower loading. However, higher filler contents resulted to a decrease in mechanical properties which could be linked to the possible agglomeration of crushed eggshells and weak filler to matrix interaction caused by lack of surface treatment. Nevertheless, the improvements attained by adding quail eggshells at lower percentage in rubber can still make it an alternative filler to consider.

Abstract: This research examines the friction and wear characteristics, as well as the mechanical properties, of EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber filled with oleamide. The friction measurements are done in contact with PA66GF30. The goal is to determine the suitability of this material combination for usage in dynamic sealing applications on the cathodic side of PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) systems. The EPDM rubber, specifically designed for reduced friction, underwent aging procedures such as heat aging and water-glycol soaking to assess its long-term performance. The pin-on-disk tests demonstrated a rapid initial rise in the coefficient of friction (CoF) and notable wear, but the hot water extraction experiments showed inadequate chemical stability with substantial ion leaching. The tensile tests demonstrated a significant decrease in mechanical characteristics during the aging process. The findings indicate that the EPDM containing oleamide has promise for dynamic sealing. However, its performance is greatly affected by aging and exposure to the environment, which highlights the need for more material optimization.

Abstract: Scrap fabric and used inner tubes, typically considered waste with no economic value and potential environmental issues, are being repurposed as an alternative composite material. This study uses the compression molding method to analyze the use of polyester fabric scrap and inner tubes as soundproofing composites. The process variables include temperature, pressure, and the composition of the used tire fabric rubber. The temperature variables used are 140, 150, and 160°C. The pressure variables used are 8, 10, and 12 ton-forces (tf). The composition variables of the fabric-rubber weight ratio used are 50:50, 60:40, and 40:60. Samples printed with compression molding according to the process variable combination scheme are then tested using an impedance tube tester to determine the effectiveness of sound absorption that the composite can absorb. The soundproofing test standard with impedance tubes is ISO 10140, with 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 Hz test frequencies. The test results show that samples with a fabric-rubber ratio of 60:40, a pressure of 10 tf, and a temperature of 150°C have the highest sound absorption coefficient value at 2000 Hz, which is 0.90817, and a Noise Reduction Coefficient of 0.8114. This result shows that the combination of pressure, temperature, and weight composition affects the composite's density and porosity, which will then affect the soundproofing performance of the developed composite.

Abstract: Resin is a compounding ingredient that can be used in tire treads to improve (wet) grip resistance. Increasing tan delta in the temperature range between 0°C and 20°C is important to improve (wet) grip resistance. To understand the behavior of resins and determine which resin is best suitable to improve traction in SBR/BR blends, the solubility of polyterpene and α-methyl styrene resin in SBR-BR blends is investigated. The method for measuring the solubility of resin in SBR/BR blends at a 70/30 weight ratio was developed. The solubility parameters (δ) were calculated based on the group contribution method, and the Δδ values between resins and rubbers were correlated with the weight increase of lightly crosslinked SBR/BR blends at different temperatures. A smaller Δδ means higher solubility of the resin in the rubber, which is confirmed by the high level of resin uptake in the rubber. Based on the research, it was found that molecular weight, polarity, and temperature, are factors, which influence the solubility of resins into the rubber. In addition, based on the DMA measurements, SBR/BR (Ni-cat) containing polyterpene shows a higher tan delta at 0 – 20°C compared to SBR/BR (Nd-cat) containing polyterpene. This fact indicates that a correct selection between the type of rubber and resin is important depending on the requirement needed.

Abstract: Reprocessable and recyclable self-healing rubber composites were fabricated by mixing natural rubber (NR) with carbon black (CB) filler in the presence of zinc thiolate (ZT) to form the ionic association in the rubber system. This work investigated and compared the unfilled and natural rubber filled with 5phr of carbon black. The recycling process was repeated three times, and the mechanical performance was measured each time. Tensile strength was increased by more than 430% for unfilled rubber and 520% for NR/5CB composites after the third recycling process. Tear strength was also increased with the number of the recycling process. According to a welding test ability, the developed materials showed potential for repair. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that as the recycling number increased, the white spot of ZT responsible for generating the ionic network reduced as more ZT was converted into Zn²⁺ salt bonding.

Abstract: Alloy material testing for stable the properties of Vortex tube and corrosion resistance, this research for specially for fabrication of Vortex tube and also in future may supplier will ask the properties and testing evidence we are going to provide week wise testing schedule. Microbial Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a type of corrosion that happened on a metal's surface under the seawater. MIC occurs due to the colonization of microorganism on the surface, these microorganisms may be fungus, bacteria or algae. In this paper the E. Coli bacteria are used to investigate the MIC on metal sample of vortex chamber. A metal sample of vortex tube which is stainless steel is coated with different coating such as alocit, rubber, epoxy, and graphene. The samples for vortex tube with different coating are tested to find out the best one which can resist MIC better than the others. There are different tests carried out; wet and dry test, atmospheric test. To find the corrosion progress the weight loss and corrosion rate is found in the sample material to apply vortex tube. The hardness of the coating is done to find the best one. The optical microscope is used to understand the corrosion progress in the metal surfaces and for the hardness test. The result analyzed shows that graphene is the best coating because of its excellent properties in resisting and preventing MIC corrosion of vortex tube is a non-conventional cooling device, having no moving parts which will produce cold air and hot air from the source of compressed air without effecting the environment when a high-pressure air is tangentially injected into the vortex chamber, a strong vortex flow will be created which will be split into two air streams. Beyond that, the improvement in energy separation is minor, and Vortex Tube performance begins to deteriorate as shock waves form outside the nozzle. Without any moving parts or chemical reactions, a vortex tube (VT) can generate hot and cold streams from a single pressurised room temperature fluid.

Abstract: Research on improving petroleum bitumen complex properties by modifying them with polymeric elastomers in the form of rubber waste are given in this article. The purpose of the research is to create a bituminous-rubber composition with an increased set of thermo-physical and physical-mechanical characteristics. The effect of bitumen modification with waste rubber crumb and powder in combination with the addition of taurite on the melting temperature, the degree of crosslinking, toughness and heat resistance of the compositions was studied. The optimal composition of bituminous-rubber compositions modified with taurite with high thermo-physical and physical-mechanical characteristics has been determined.

Abstract: Enhancement of the room temperature vulcanization silicone rubber (RTV) tracking resistance with various filler loadings of synthesized wollastonite against electrical surface tracking was prepared. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray fluorescent (XRF) techniques were involved in characterizing the synthesized substances. The test method IEC-60587 standard was employed to evaluate the surface tracking resistance. The results obtained from the XRF technique confirmed that the raw materials could be synthesized for wollastonite, while the XRD and SEM techniques revealed the formation of wollastonite (CaSiO₃) associated with gehlenite (Ca₂Al₂SiO₇). Moreover, it was found that the electrical surface tracking resistance of composite insulation takes a long time to track when the filler loading is increased more than 5 phr.

Abstract: Metal-polymer composites are advanced materials for the aerospace, automotive and railway industry where details and elements of construction are affected by impact, cyclic and vibration loads. In the present work layered composites based on steel, aluminum alloy and rubber as intermediate layers were obtained by cold and hot bonding using adhesives. Adhesive lap-shear bond strength of layered composites fabricated by various techniques was determined using tensile shear test. To evaluate the mechanical behavior of layered metal-rubber composites under simulated operational conditions static, dynamic and cyclic, three points bending tests were carried out. The results of mechanical tests of these composites indicated that hot bonding is the most preferred fabrication method for the formation of increased mechanical characteristics.

Abstract: The work presents the results of testing new eco-oils in elastomeric materials based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The influence of eco-oils grade and content on the rubber mixes based on NBR 2665 processing was studied. It is established that Phytonorman 212 acts as a technologically active additive that improves the rheological and relaxation characteristics of rubber mixes. Phytonorman 213 acts as an activator of the vulcanization process when eco-oils content is 2 phr. To maintain the complex of physical, mechanical and working performances, so as to prevent the slowdown of the vulcanization process at 7 phr eco-oil content it is recommended to adjust vulcanizing group component content and filler grade.