Papers by Keyword: Saline Water

Abstract: In recent years with the exacerbation of energy shortage, water crisis increases around the world. With the continuous increase in the level of greenhouse gas emissions, the use of various sources of renewable energy is increasingly becoming important for sustainable development. Due to the rising oil price and environmental regulations, the demand of utilizing alternative power sources increased dramatically. Alternative energy and its applications have been heavily studied for the last decade. Energy and water are essential for mankind that influences the socioeconomic development of any nation. Pure water resources become more and more scarce every day as rivers, lakes wells and even seawater pollution rapidly increases. Solar energy is one promising solution to secure power and potable water to future generation. The process of distillation can be used to obtain fresh water from salty, brackish or contaminated water. Water is available in different forms such as sea water, underground water, surface water and atmospheric water. Clean water is essential for good health. The search for sustainable energy resources has emerged as one of the most significant and universal concerns in the 21^st century. Solar energy conversion offers a cost effective alternative to our traditional usages. Solar energy is a promising candidate in many applications. Among the alternative energy sources used for electricity production, wind and solar energy systems have become more attractive in recent years. For areas where electricity was not available, stand alone wind and solar systems have been increasingly used. The shortage of drinking water in many countries throughout the world is a serious problem. Humankind has depended for ages on river, sea water and underground water reservoirs for its fresh water needs. But these sources do not always prove to be useful due to the presence of excessive salinity in the water. To resolve this crisis, different methods of solar desalination have been used in many countries. Distillation is a well known thermal process for water purification, most importantly, water desalination. Most of the conventional water distillation processes are highly energy consuming and require fossil fuels as well as electric power for their operation. Single basin solar still is a popular solar device used for converting available brackish or waste water into potable water. Because of its lower productivity, it is not popularly used. Numbers of works are under taken to improve the productivity and efficiency of the solar still. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering and spacecraft thermal control applications. The use of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings has been investigated within the past decade. The experimental results computed in the field of water distillation process using solar energy in the presence of energy storage materials sodium sulphate and sodium acetate are discussed in this paper. Keywords: solar energy, saline water, distillation, phase change material.

Abstract: The inhibition effect of synthesized fatty amides mixture, pyridine and pyrrole as corrosion inhibitors on carbon steels in saline water had been compared using Linear Polarization Resistance Method (LPRM). It is still unknown which of these organics performed best than another. The experimental results showed that the inhibition effect of the synthesized fatty amides mixture is found to be better than pyridine and pyrrole, indicating the presence of various chain lengths of fatty amides molecules. These molecules provide a better surface on carbon steels than pyrrole and pyridine.

Abstract: Sunflower is an important oil crop, which is tolerant to water and salt stress and can be planted in vast areas of China. In our studies, four salinity levels of irrigation were used to irrigate one kind of sunflower (TO01244) under two irrigation low limits (65%FC and 75%FC). Plant growth, Soil salinity and leaf water status, yield and quality were researched. The results showed the means of plant heights under 2g/L, 3.5g/L and 5g/L irrigation water were 9.07%, 12.45% and 18.35% lower than the tap water respectively. In soil salinization the means of ECe increased by 271.13%, 173.22%, 132.98% and 4.73% respectively under irrigation water of four salinity levels. It can be found that the seed under 3.5g/L irrigation water had more linoleic acid, which is healthy to human and contribute to address the cardiovascnlar and cerebrovascular diseases as an important part of the sunflower oil. Facing the increasingly serious lack of fresh water resources, development and utilization of underground saline water would play an important role in agricultural production.

Abstract: Due to the shortage of fresh water in north-west China, the exploitations of saline water became very important for mitigating agricultural water shortage. Our study carried out plot experiments under different salinity water irrigation in the Shiyang River Basin, comprehensively considering the effect of water and salt factors on the growth of spring-corn, imported salinity stress factor and built water-salt production function basing on water production functions Blank model and Jensen model which were general used in the world. Through the Water-salt production function, calculating the salt sensitive index in different growth stage of spring-corn and the result shows that the salt sensitive degree sequence is seeding stage > jointing stage> tasseling-grouting stage> maturity stage.

Abstract: The swelling and water-retention capacity of bentonite in saline water are the important application properties of bentonite as the raw material of GCLs. In this paper, the swelling volumes and the filter loss of six kinds of Na-bentonite samples hydrated with different concentrations of NaCl, CaCl₂, and MgCl₂ solutions were investigated. In addition, the ion-exchange properties of raw materials, the morphology and structure analysis of the samples soaked in the salt solution were discussed. The results show that the water-retention capacity of bentonite decreases with the increase of salt concentration in aqueous solution; And at the same mass concentration, the water-retention capacity in MgCl₂ solution decreases most, followed by CaCl₂ and the least is NaCl. The water-retention capacity of bentonite in saline water is related with ENa⁺. The larger the ENa⁺ is, the better the chemical resistance of bentonite is.

Abstract: Diabetic patients are entangled to various cardiovascular diseases due to increased blood viscosity. Therefore the blood viscosity of diabetic patients is lowered by regular doses of Aspirin or the injection of saline water in order to dilute the blood. This lowers the blood pressure. In this model, the effect of non-Newtonian behaviour on blood flow through a stenosed artery using Casson’s fluid model have been studied and the results depict that the increase in blood flow characteristics are comparatively small due to the non-Newtonian behaviour of the blood. The numerical illustration presented at the end of this paper provides the results for the resistance to flow, apparent viscosity and the wall shear stress through their graphical representations. It has been shown that the resistance to flow, apparent viscosity and wall shear stress increases with the size of the stenosis but these increases are comparatively small due to the non-Newtonian behaviour of the blood indicating the usefulness of its rheological character in the functioning of diseased arterial circulation. A number of comparisons with the existing results have been made in order to validate the applicability of the present model.