Papers by Keyword: Salt

Abstract: This study investigates household-scale seawater desalination to address freshwater shortages, particularly in coastal areas or during emergencies. The process involves heating seawater to evaporate it and then condensing the vapor into freshwater. The research compares the efficiency of pure water and salt production from seawater desalination using two heating methods which is gas stoves and induction stoves. Gas stoves which use fossil fuel combustion and induction stoves which use electromagnetic fields to generate heat have different characteristics and efficiencies in the desalination process. After the heating, the seawater then cooling down by using 3 different speed of fan speed.This study evaluates the differences in the amount of pure water and salt produced by these two methods, considering factors such as energy consumption and operational costs. The results of this research are expected to provide useful insights for selecting more efficient and economical heating methods in the seawater desalination process.The results indicate that freshwater production is higher when using an induction stove compared to a gas stove. Freshwater production at low fan speeds yielded 157 g/hour on an induction stove with 600 W power and 147 g/hour on a gas stove with equivalent power of 658.75 W; 168 g/hour on an induction stove with 600 W power and 88 g/hour on a gas stove with equivalent power of 632.92 W; and 153 g/hour on an induction stove with 600 W power and 105 g/hour on a gas stove with equivalent power of 646.58 W. The heating with an induction stove produces more freshwater compared to heating with a gas stove due to its Energy Efficiency, Precise Temperature Control, Heating Speed, Reduced Heat Loss which is better than gas stove.In terms of salt production, both induction and gas stoves produced nearly identical amounts of salt: 34 g/liter on the induction stove and 36 g/liter on the gas stove at low fan speeds; 36 g/liter on the induction stove and 34 g/liter on the gas stove at medium fan speeds; and 34 g/liter on the induction stove and 36 g/liter on the gas stove at high fan speeds. The power required to produce 1 gram of freshwater at low fan speed was 3.57 watts for the induction stove and 7.18 watts for the gas stove; at high fan speed, it needs 3.92 watts for the induction stove and 6.15 watts for the gas stove. Therefore, it can be concluded that the power consumption for the induction stove is significantly lower than that for the gas stove to produce 1 gram of freshwater.

Abstract: This study examined the use of sodium acetate salt as an ionic dopant in biodegradable solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). In the solution casting method for making polymer electrolyte, rice starch is used as the host polymer and glycerol is used as the plasticizer. The characteristics of SPE film were investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Salt enhances the amorphous structure by decreasing the crystallinity of the polymer. Alternatively, it decreases the temperature of thermal breakdown. In addition, the biodegradability of SPE was investigated using the soil burial method. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the ionic conductivity behavior and temperature dependent of SPE. The 35% sodium acetate salt addition makes the supercapacitor's electrolyte have the highest ionic conductivity at room temperature, which is 5.57x10^-4 S/cm.

Abstract: This research has been made a simple method for the detection of potassium iodate (KIO₃) in a kitchen salt using cassava starch (Manihot esculenta). The process of making this test kits using acid solvent as the reagent, KIO₃ solution, and indicator of cassava starch. The used cassava starch is in two conditions are dry starch for H₂SO₄ and wet starch for H₃PO₄. Based on the two solvents are then made a standard color series based on KIO₃ levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm. Validation of this method has analyzed using Spectrophotometer UV-Vis. From the results of this analysis obtained calibration curve of each standard with both solvent. Coefficients determination for linearity using H₃PO₄ and H₂SO₄ solution is 0.9874 and 0.9656. From that results from the H₃PO₄ solution applied to the detection of potassium iodate (KIO₃) in a kitchen salt using cassava starch (Manihot esculenta) with a concentration in the range 30-40 ppm.

Abstract: The research on the effect of treatment of salt for food-grade using activated carbon has done. The purified salt in this study was obtained from the Bringharjo market, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The purification of salt has been done using activated carbon with various weights are 2.5, 3, 4 g. Other chemicals used as a material to remove impurities are Na₂C₂O₄ and Na₂CO₃. Activated carbon 2.5 g was the salt product with the level of NaCl is 97.28%. Metal content of the Mg, Ca, Pb, and Cd in salt are 0.02%, 0.019%, 10.33 mg/kg, and 2.055 mg/kg, respectively. As a conclusion is, salt produced with treatment using activated carbon can be used for food grade.

Abstract: In this research, utilizing of Arabica spent coffee ground oil was investigated for textile processing applications including scouring and reactive dyeing for cotton. The spent coffee ground oil was extracted using hexane and its chemical compositions were analyzed. The synthesized biosurfactant from spent coffee ground oil was investigated for use in cotton scouring. The results showed that the biosurfactant could well work as a scouring agent for cotton. Much better water absorption and reduced yellowness on cotton were achieved but higher applied concentration was needed as compared with the commercial wetting agent. It was also found that scouring efficiency of the biosurfactant could be promoted by adding alkali i.e. sodium carbonate, into a scouring bath, resulting in a satisfactory scouring level. A study on utilizing spent coffee ground oil in reactive dyeing process informs that by incorporating the oil into an aqueous dyebath to create oil/water dual-phase dyeing system, the dye exhaustion and color yield of Reactive Red 120 dye obtained on cotton could be enhanced without adding salt. This promotes a development of salt-free reactive dyeing process.

Abstract: In recent years, steel reinforced polymer (SRP) composites have emerged as a new technology for structural strengthening, and several researches have validated the effectiveness of SRP for masonry strengthening. Research has been carried out to study the bond behavior of SRP composites applied to a masonry substrate. However, how the moist and salt on masonry surface will affect bond, which is the weak link in real strengthening applications, is little known yet. This study aims at investigating the bond behavior of SRP composites applied to moist and salt-laden masonry blocks that were subjected to an artificial weathering protocol. Single-lap shear tests were conducted to determine the bond behavior, while ion chromatography provided the salts distribution of weathered specimens to interpret some results of the shear tests.

Abstract: Co/C composite nanofibers are prepared through electrospinning. Effect of salt, Spinning humidity, receiving equipment and heat treatment on the formation, morphology and structure of composite fibers were investigated. The morphology of composite fibers was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).It was found out that when the ambient humidity was high, the nanofibers were agglomerated into fiber bundles. When the roller receiving equipment was used, ordered nanofibers can be obtained. Only cobalt acetate-doped composite nanofibers maintained intact fiber morphology after pre-oxidation and carbonization. And Co²⁺ was completely reduced to face-centered cubic structured Co nanoparticle. The ideal preparation technology is as follows: the humidity at 30% or less, doping with organic salt of cobalt acetate.

Abstract: Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is being widely applied as thermodynamic inhibitor to avoid formation of natural gas hydrates. High hydrophilicity, low toxicity, low viscosity, low solubility in liquid hydrocarbons and high capacity of dissolving salts are advantageous for the use of MEG in the natural gas production. In addition, MEG recovery can be easily achieved considering its low volatility in relation to water, which makes the process economical and environmentally feasible. The reuse of MEG is being theme of research and phase equilibrium data for the involved species are required. In this work, a experimental procedure to synthetize iron carbonate and, afterwards, determine its solubility in aqueous mixtures of MEG in the presence of carbon dioxide atmosphere have been developed. Furthermore, a series of solubility data has been measured. This work presents a worthy contribution to the description of iron carbonate aqueous solubilities in the presence of MEG and carbon dioxide, regarding the instability of the salt to respect of oxidation. Subsequently, the knowledge of the behavior of the iron carbonate solubilities is useful for the industrial unities of production of natural gas and recovery of MEG.

Abstract: The factors influencing the formation of efflorescence of construction materials are connected with the increased solubility of the ingredients of construction materials. Efflorescence may accumulate under some less permeable decorative paint layers and cause their peeling from the surface of a building structure, its decorative properties being completely lost. At the same time, the formation of efflorescence not only as white bloom, but also as "blooming" of the surfaces of materials due to the formation of new chemical compounds is possible. Similar processes occur in the process of operation of coloured pavers manufactured wth vibrocompression of cement and sand mortars with the addition of colouring pigments. The main source of efflorescence is calcium hydroxide Ca (OH)₂ which is formed in hardening cement. The alkaline nature leads to its intensive interaction with carbon dioxide CO₂. This efflorescence in the second year of operation, as a rule, does not resume due to the carbonation of calcium hydroxide in the structure of set cement.

Abstract: A new molecular complex constructed by fumaric acid with piperazine has been prepared and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The number of fumaric acid involved in the complex equals to the number of N-protonated binding sites in the piperazine molecule. The structure contained infinite 1D supramolecular chains held together by robust, primary O–H•••O charge-assisted hydrogen bonds, and the 2D sheet like pattern constructed via the expected carboxyl-piperazine heterosynthon. Persistent N–H•••O interactions were found to play an important role in the formation of the final 3D arrays. The five dominant supramolecular synthons in the crystal structure are the heteromeric carboxylic acid•••piperazine hydrogen bond interactions, which prevail in the presence of widely differing chemical functionalities. Thermal stability of the compound has been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of mass loss.