Papers by Keyword: Sand

Abstract: This study evaluates the effect of temperature variations on the corrosion rates of A106 Grade B steel using dynamic polarization and weight-loss methods. Carbon steel samples were immersed in a 1-molecular-concentration hydrochloric acid electrolyte solution at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 55°C, with or without inhibitors at different concentrations, for a specified period. In this study, nano silica was synthesized in the laboratory using a Sol-gel process to serve as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor derived from natural sand (Najaf, Iraq). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the inhibitor, producing favorable corrosion rates even at high temperatures in its presence, while corrosion rates decreased in the absence of added inhibitor concentrations (400–1000 ppm). The results and statistical data were analyzed using Tafel and CR plots, Arrhenius analysis (ln (CR) vs. 1/T), and percentage inhibition ratios. Corrosion rates, current densities, and Tafel constants (CR, icorr., βc, βa) were determined during polarization, while the weights of the inhibitor-treated and non-inhibited samples were evaluated during weight loss studies. Tests (XRD, FTIR, AFM, TGA/TDS, and SEM) demonstrated the achievement of the work goal of developing a protective silicate layer of silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles, which provided effective and durable protection of the target metal surface samples from corrosion, especially under temperature fluctuations.

Abstract: The issue of dewatering sand, which is used in construction as an aggregate for heavy, simple, fine-grained, large-cell and silicate concrete, concrete mixtures, in the manufacture of reinforced concrete structures, in the production of asphalt and road surfaces, roofing construction materials, in the manufacture of glass, is considered. The results of experimental studies of the operation modes of the process of dewatering construction sand at drainage warehouses with the use of vacuum units are presented, depending on the time of its dewatering, the granulometric composition of the sand, and the placement scheme of special needle filter elements of the suction system.

Abstract: Internal erosion often occurs in earthen water-retaining structures such as embankment dams, levees, or dikes, which are created by seepage flows through soil or other porous material where coarser and finer particles are mixed. This erosion process may be referred to as suffusion, resulting in the transportation of fine particles carried away from the soil structure by seepage. If internal erosion occurs, the strength of the soil will be changed, and gaps or cavities in the soil structure may be created, leading to the collapse of the soil, posing a risk of damage to earthen water-retaining structures. This research investigates internal erosion behaviour of gap-graded sands with various fine contents using a series of upward seepage tests. An in-house developed apparatus with a measurement of hydraulic gradient and permeability is used to investigate the initiation and progress of internal erosion.

Abstract: Sand casting is a metal casting process to make a component by pouring molten metal into the sand mold. The casting process, the sand is the fundamental material used for mold making. The sand used is generally silica sand, river sand, mountain sand, and beach sand. The sand for molding must have requirements such as having formability, suitable permeability, good distribution of sand grain size, resistance to high temperatures, suitable binder composition, and sand must be cheap. This study investigated to determine the potential of Krueng Mane river sand in Aceh Indonesia for its possible use for metal casting. The important properties studied are moisture content, total clay content, grain fineness number, and grain shape. Tests are carried out following the standards and procedures defined by the American Foundrymen’s Society (AFS). Results obtained revealed that the river sand has average moisture content of 7.78 %, clay content of 3.20%, and grain fineness number (GFN) of 46. Krueng Mane river sand will be suitable for casting of casting of light steel, heavy grey steel, medium grey iron, and non-ferrous metals, with the addition of binding agent in suitable proportion.

Abstract: Pollution caused by Waste Plastic is one of the major environmental problems being faced by developed as well as developing countries, here tile fabricate samples by using bottle caps, sand, one sample was fabricated by mixing these materials in a metal vessel in the micro oven at 200°C for 20 and 10 min respectively by varying the sand composition, the results are analysed by testing the sample under before and after soaking conditions by ranging the pressure from 100 to 800 KN/m², results state that sand, wastage plastic tile sample exhibit more strength than Sand and Cement tile sample

Abstract: The issue of moisture content of sand, which is used in construction as an aggregate for asphalt concrete mixtures, in the production of silicate building materials, roofing roll materials, and various types of glass, is considered. The results of an experimental study of the process of dewatering construction sand samples in conical warehouses under the conditions of using vacuum systems, depending on the time and placement scheme of needle filters, are presented.

Abstract: Environmentally friendly polymer concrete by utilizing waste has been widely developed, one of which is sugarcane fiber waste and egg shell powder. Utilization of this waste is not optimal, for that by being used as a filler in polymer concrete, it is expected that it will have a higher economic value. This study was to determine the composition of the epoxy resin binder and the mechanical characteristics of polymer concrete fabricated using sugarcane fiber waste with an epoxy resin adhesive. Variations in composition made of sand, egg shells (1 : 1) or (50 g : 50g), bagasse waste 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% of the total weight. Epoxy resin composition variation of 20%, 25% and 30% of the total weight of sand and egg shells. Then carried out the characteristics in the form of density test, water absorption, porosity, compressive strength and tensile strength. From the test results, the characteristics of polymer concrete have optimum values, namely density (1.76 g/cm³), water absorption (4.04%), porosity (5,252%), compressive strength (26,27 MPa), tensile strength (4,06 MPa). Of the three samples, the best in the A5 sample with a sound absorption coefficient of 0.237 met the requirements of ISO and ASTM C.384.

Abstract: Elbow pipes are important pipeline components in hydrocarbon transportation systems, and they were prone to erosive wear by the impact of abrasive particles. A discrete phase modeling (DPM) and numerical simulation of the liquid-sand transportation process was carried out focused on the investigation into the influence of carrier fluid viscosity on erosion distribution of carbon steel 90° elbows. The accuracy of the predicted results was validated by comparison with experimental data. CFD simulations have been carried out by combining DPM to predict the erosion rate and particle impaction regions in carbon steel 90° elbow with a diameter of 50.8 mm. The fluid viscosity is set for 1cP, 5cP, and 15 cP with an inlet velocity of 8 m/s, and the size of sand particles is 200 μm. While the maximum erosion rates enhance with an increase in fluid viscosity, the location of maximum particle impaction has been specified to be adjacent to the outlet for 1 cP and 5 cP carrier fluid viscosity. It is also found that increasing the viscosity does not considerably alter the average erosion rate. Moreover, the increase in carrier fluid viscosity with the same flow velocity influences maximum erosion rate and yields 1.45 times higher erosion rates at 15 cP compared to 5cP and 1cP. This is mainly due to severe sand impaction at the side of the elbow wall.

Abstract: Polymer/composite sheets were developed using sand as the filler, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), by melting extrusion in a melt blender followed by compression molding. The effects of addition of filler, and the addition of polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) as the compatibilizing agent were investigated by observing the morphology, the mechanical performance as well as the wettability characteristic via contact angle measurements. A decreasing trend was observed with filler addition, both for the Young’s modulus and yield stress values of each of the samples, from 1200.81 MPa and 35.15 MPa at 0 wt% to 1182.33 MPa and 23.11 MPa for the non-compatibilized sheet at 35 wt%, to 629.95 MPa and 9.56 MPa in the case of the compatibilized sheet respectively. However, addition of filler did not significantly affect the surface wetting in any case, thereby promoting good anti-wetting performance for both sets of sheets. As a result, the potential use of such synthetic composite sheets could be considered as a good alternative for applications which require reduced ductility or increased anti-wetting performance.

Abstract: Utilization of abundant natural resources has been an important issue in recent years. CaCO₃ was successfully prepared from natural sand by purification bubbling methods with flowing CO₂ gas into an aqueous Ca(OH)₂ medium with NaOH as catalyst. In the experimental set-up, natural sand was dissolved with different NaOH concentrations of 5, 6, and 7 M, respectively. In the carbonation process, room temperature is used as reaction temperature, while CO₂ gas flow rate was carried out at 5 SCFH (Square Cubic Feet per Hour) and the speed of stirring was kept constant. The reaction was occurred around 5 minutes to produce precipitation of CaCO₃. The influences of reaction parameters such as the various concentrations of NaOH were studied by using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Particle size analyzer (PSA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to investigate the element composition, crystal structure, size of particles, and morphology of particles, respectively. The results showed that NaOH concentration effected not only on the phases of CaCO₃ but also on the microstructure and morphology of CaCO₃. Calcite and vaterite phases are observed which have a rhombic and spherical morphology in micro-scale, respectively.