Papers by Keyword: Scaling

Abstract: Scaling in pipelines has become a major issue, resulting in creating financial losses for geothermal industries and uneven distribution of electricity in Indonesia. An automation system prototype for a mobile gamma scan tomography device has been developed to carry out scaling measurement within geothermal pipelines. This aims to preemptively address potential scaling-related issues, enhance work efficiency, and ensure the safety of workers from radiation exposure without disrupting ongoing production activities. The automation system is designed with Arduino Mega 2560 as microcontroller and radiation counter, stepper motors as actuators, NaI(Tl) scintillation detector for radiation detection, limit switch as the trigger for zero point position setup, Human-Machine Interface (HMI) display as the system interface, and microSD card to store radiation-counting data. The automation system will drive the detector and source collimator together to perform a radiation scan and counting along the pipe diameter. The radiation is scanned in 32 projections, achieved by executing translational and rotational movements. The automation system was examined through three kinds of tests: radiation-counting system test, translational movement test, and rotational movement test. The radiation-counting system test was performed by detecting radiation at 5 random points to test its stability and quality. Meanwhile, the translational and rotational movement tests were conducted by performing radiation scanning five times on each sample of the pipe diameter: 500 mm, 600 mm, and 700 mm. The results from the examination were analyzed using quantitative statistical methods: Chi square for the stability and quality of the radiation-counting system and the detector, as well as RMSE and Standard Deviation for the accuracy and precision value of the actuator. This research has successfully built an automation system prototype for a mobile gamma scan tomography device with the stability and quality of the radiation counting system falls within the acceptable range of 3.325 to 16.919 at 95% confidence level, accuracy value of 95.12% and precision value of 93.58% for its actuators.

Abstract: Abstract. Green betel leaf gel (Piper betle leaf) has an antimicrobial, antiseptic and antioxidant activity. An imbalance between antioxidants and ROS in the oral cavity have been implicated as one of the progressive or pathogenic factor for periodontal disease. Antimicrobial topical agent delivery may be provided as a supportive therapy for periodontal treatment after scaling and root planing. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of green betle leaf gel (Piper betle leaf) to Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) level gingival crevicular fluids after scaling and root planing treatment in chronic periodontitis patients. This research is a quasi experimental with pretest and posttest, split mouth. A total of 14 subjects followed this study. The parameters measured were TAC levels gingival crevicular fluids before and after treatment with ELISA examination. Green betel leaf gel was applied to the pocket on the test side after scaling and root planing. Data analysis using Wilcoxon test with p <0.05, and Mann-Whitney test with p <0.05. TAC levels of gingival crevicular fluids increased on day 14 on both sides, on the test side there was a significant increase (p = 0.002) while on the control side the increase was not significant. Green betel leaf gel has an effect to increase TAC level gingival crevicular fluids after scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis patients.

Abstract: A large number of blockage appeared in gas wells and pipeline appeared, which causedplugging, corrosion and the increasing of wellbore pressure difference, and seriously affect thenormal production of gas well of problems. In this paper, the water quality of produced water fromthe severe cases of single wells or pipeline water were analyzed, also include the composition ofblockage and core with the chemical volumetric method (CVM) , X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and x-rayfluorescence (XFS) method. Meanwhile, the core powder was leached in simulated acid worksolution, and then the leaching solution was analyzed with CVM. The experimental results show thatThe produced water has high salinity, high contents of Ca2+, Ba2+ and Sr2+, low pH value, which leadto corrosion and scaling. The main components of the blockage are acid insoluble strontium sulfate(barium) scale or corrosion product or mixture of corrosion and CaCO3 scaling product. Ca2+, Ba2+and Sr2+ were easy to scale in wellbore or pipeline when they encountered other produced water fromdifferent formation. The Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ and Fe 2+/3+ mainly derived from the dissolution offormation debris in formation water and working fluid (especially acidic working fluid) to reservoirrock, so the salinity of the produced water increased, and the trend of scaling and corrosion alsoincreased with the gas field development.

Abstract: Scaling of minor hysteresis loops in the amorphous alloy Co₆₆Fe₃Cr₃Si₁₅B₁₃ with a very high initial permeability (more than 150000) and low coercivity (about 0.1 А/m) has been studied. In weak magnetic fields and in the region of maximal growth of permeability a similarity of minor loops was detected. Analytical expressions for hysteresis losses are derived which provide a good accordance of calculations with the results of measurements.

Abstract: The semiconductor industry is undergoing a transition driven by end use markets. In recent years, mobile devices have been the leading generator of growth. Now the connection of various products and machines to the internet is generating new and extensive demands for memory (storage of the data), logic (intelligent processing of the data including machine learning), and sensing (e.g., image sensors generating visual data). Thus the versatile planar MOS transistor based semiconductor technology has diverged into various specialized and complex branches, with each technology type using unique approaches to address scaling challenges. These lead to specific requirements for semiconductor wafer surface preparation. This paper will review the high level industry trends and how they affect surface preparation specifically.

Abstract: In most schools of engineering, this is among the first interdisciplinary courses that third-year undergraduate students are likely to attend. This presents formidable challenges because any discussion of diffusion phenomena draws heavily on prior knowledge of physics, chemistry, and mathematics. In our traditionally inadequate way of teaching, these disciplines are presented as self-contained, autonomous units. Yet it should be the purpose of any instructor of diffusion theory and practice to show how they may be integrated. Heuristic arguments are certainly appealing — thus recommended — but the methods and tools to be developed must be robust enough to not immediately crumble with use. In that connection, attention to a known and consistent notation is vital. Furthermore, one cannot expect these students to be fully familiar with partial differential equations, and yet, that’s the very nature of the diffusion equation. Its properties must be explained. Finally, diffusion in solids suffers from a bewildering variety of “diffusion coefficients." These must be carefully defined and distinguished. A version of my class-notes will be included in my web-site within a few weeks (just type my name in Google). You are most welcome.

Abstract: Effect of quantity and quality of fly ash and compressive strength of concretes with their addition on abrasion resistance previously subjected to scaling is analyzed in the paper. The abrasion resistance was measured in Böhme test according to EN 1338: 2005. The cement was replaced with 20, 35, and 50% of Class F siliceous fly ash in three categories of losses on ignition A, B and C by mass. The water-binder ratio, the air-entrainment and the workability of mixtures were maintained constant at 0.38, 4,5% and 150 mm respectively.Prior scaling causes a decrease in abrasion resistance of fly ash concretes. In addition, both quantitative and qualitative fly ash parameters and compressive strength have an influence on abrasion damage.

Abstract: In the present work, the variation in conductivity (σ_dc) and relaxation properties of two different blends i.e. Blend-1: [PVA_(47.5):PEO_(47.5):(LiCF₃SO₃)₅:(EC)₈] and Blend-2: [PVA_(47):PEO₍₄₇₎:(LiCF₃SO₃)₅:(EC)₆] of PVA:PEO:LiCF₃SO₃:EC system, with respect to various fluences of swift heavy O⁷⁺ ion radiations ranging from 1x10¹¹ to 3x10¹² ions/cm², is investigated in detail. Here, (i) the behavior of relaxation time (τ) calculated from M” vs. log f curves and (ii) the scaling of imaginary part of modulus (M”), is studied thoroughly for various fluences. The investigation thus, provides an insight regarding the effect of O⁷⁺ ion radiations on the relaxation dynamics of both the blends.

Abstract: Using a fractal analysis approach to study plant leaf venation and stem sections, we find that plants use very intelligent scaffolding strategies to tune mechanical strength of leaves and stems. Within plant organs, specialized types of tissues with different mechanical properties have evolved. Ideally, the biopolymers cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin present in plant cell walls confer mechanical rigidity to plant tissues, but our studies reveal that the manner these biopolymers are distributed in the tissue matrix hold the key to the mechanical rigidity of the tissues. We have developed an algorithm to determine fractal dimension of the scaffolding matrix and the well-known box counting algorithm to calculate fractal dimensions of leaf venation in high resolution images of reticulate–veined leaves and optical microscope image of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin-stained cross sections of Turbina corymbosa. We found that in leaves with reticulate venation, veins form a scaffolding matrix imparting mechanical rigidity to leaves, and have a fractal dimension close to 1.0 for leaves which have less bending resistance, compared to fractal dimensions close to 1.7 for leaves which have higher bending resistance. Deriving this idea from plants, we use evaporation instability to develop scaffolding matrix with fractal dimensions higher than 1.5 in polymer films. This can form the basis of an efficient strategy to devise thin, stand-alone polymer films with tunable bending stiffness.

Abstract: We have studied the effect of tin microalloying on the kinetics of the fractal mesodefect structure of melt-spun Fe₇₀Cr₁₅B₁₅(Sn) alloys during thermal loading. It is established that the morphology evolution of ribbon interfaces correlates with the kinetics of physical properties. Symmetry character of melt-spun alloys is identified by the form of fractal dimensionality spectrum. Reduction of the fractal dimension is observed at stages of both vitrification and nanocrystallization. Residual alloying by tin of the contact interface of ribbon changes a topology of the localized states that lowers the temperature of vitrification.