Papers by Keyword: School Building

Abstract: Educational facilities are expected not only to provide good thermal performance regarding energy efficiency, but also healthy and comfortable indoor conditions. The latter is specifically relevant to the well-being and learning performance of the children or students in such buildings. While the performance of school buildings in central Europe has been subjected to several scientific investigations, the same does not apply to the same extent to educational facilities from CEE (Central and Eastern European) countries. While general economic circumstances in these countries are arguably improving, the state of the public educational facilities remains less than ideal. In this contribution, which is based on a research effort conducted in the framework of a master thesis [1], we illustrate a related case study from Albania. This study focuses on the thermal performance of three school buildings (in different cities and climate zones in Albania) in view of energy demand and indoor thermal comfort. Thereby, both on-site data monitoring and numeric thermal simulation were deployed to assess the performance of these school buildings.

Abstract: Energy efficiency has become a crucial part of human life, which has an adverse impact on the social and economic development of any country. In Turkey, it is a critical issue especially in the construction sector due to increase in the dependency on the fuel demands. The energy consumption, which is used during the life cycle of a building, is a huge amount affected by the energy demand for material and building construction, HVAC and lighting systems, maintenance, equipment, and demolition. In general, the Life Cycle Energy (LCE) needs of the building can be summarised as the operational and embodied energy together with the energy use for demolition and recycling processes.Besides, schools alone are responsible for about 15% of the total energy consumption of the commercial building sector. To reduce the energy use and CO₂ emission, the operational and embodied energy of the buildings must be minimised. Overall, it seems that choosing proper architectural measures for the envelope and using low emitting material can be a logical step for reducing operational and embodied energy consumptions.This paper is concentrated on the operating and embodied energy consumptions resulting from the application of different architectural measures through the building envelope. It proposes an educational building with low CO₂ emission and proper energy performance in Turkey. To illustrate the method of the approach, this contribution illustrates a case study, which was performed on a representative schoold building in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy used for HVAC and lighting in the operating phase and the energy used for the manufacture of the materials are the most significant parts of embodied energy in the LCE analyses. This case study building’s primary energy consumption was calculated with the help of dynamic simulation tools, EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder. Then, different architectural energy efficiency measures were applied to the envelope of the case study building. Then, the influence of proposed actions on LCE consumption and Life Cycle CO₂ (LCCO₂) emissions were assessed according to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method.

Abstract: The content of this paper is a theoretical case study of a school building where the impact of night pre-cooling on operative temperature during summer period is analyzed. The classroom under pitched roof was selected for case study purposes. There are glass surfaces on roof and in external wall. We compare two types of building constructions. On the one hand side there is the wooden lightweight construction. On the other hand side there is the heavyweight construction made of reinforced concrete. The mechanical ventilation system provides for the required air change rate in classroom during whole day. The results from energy simulation show positive impact of night pre-cooling in combination with heavyweight building construction on maximum operative temperature in classroom during summer period. The results are output from dynamic energy simulation tool DesignBuilder.

Abstract: A school building, located in Bomporto (Modena, Italy) and hit by the Emilia-Romagna Italian earthquake in 2012, has been investigated in the paper. The seismic vulnerabilityof the building has been evaluated by means of non-linear static analyses, which have been carriedoutthrough the 3MURI calculation program. The comparison between the damage state producedby the earthquake and the simulation results put in evidence the reliability of the numerical analysis.On the basis of the detected seismic deficiencies of the damaged building, a structuralreinforcement intervention of masonry walls has been designed by means of either FRP strips orsteel ones. Finally, a parametric analysis by varying the material and the geometrical configurationof the FRP intervention (width and spacing of the strips) has been performed with the purpose toidentify, through a cost-to-benefit comparison, the optimal retrofitting solution.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to propose a simplified environmental impact assessment method based on selection of major building materials for school buildings in Korea. To accomplish this, environmental impact of 2 school buildings constructed in Korea was assessed according to the procedure of life cycle assessment. In addition, major building materials of school buildings were selected from the perspective of 6 environmental impact categories based on the assessment result, and a method of simplified environmental impact assessment was suggested. On one hand, case analysis verified applicability of the simplified environmental impact assessment method proposed in this study by showing similar value within 10% compared to the assessment result from existing detailed assessment.

Abstract: The seismic strengthening of the teaching buildings is complex because of the difference of the seismic precautionary intensity of the buildings. This paper takes a middle school teaching building, a frame structure, as an example. The building designed without considering of the seismic precaution, and the integrity is poor and the first and second natural mode of vibration is mainly torsion deformation, which is disadvantage to the seismic performance of the building. As to this middle school teaching building, some new beams were added to the original system to strengthening the integrity and some new shear walls are added at the four external corners. After strengthening, the calculation results show that the seismic performance is increased greatly and the first and second natural mode of vibration are mainly translation deformation. Only small amount of the strengthening works are needed for the columns and beams.

Abstract: Introduced after the Wenchuan earthquake, the situation of teaching buildings collapsed, buildings destroyed by the actual picture of the location and characteristics of some typical building damage, building damage arising described several major reasons put forward the views of housing and construction reinforcement, stress the seismic design and the importance of project quality management.

Abstract: In the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on 12th May 2008, a large number of primary and secondary school buildings were seriously damaged. Therefore, considerable attentions have been paid to earthquake resistance capacity of school facilities and some relevant national codes in China have been updated after earthquake. Recently, many approaches to seismic retrofit of school buildings have been proposed and applied. The focus of this paper is on application of energy dissipation technology to C-category frame structure of school buildings retrofitting, with the objective of increasing one grade of precautionary intensity, while the C-category buildings are designed in conformity with China’s code for seismic design of buildings (GB 50011-2001). Since the seismic precautionary classification of school buildings has been changed from standard precautionary category to major precautionary category, the structural ductility requirements are stricter with the increase of seismic precautionary intensity. Thus, this paper presents the retrofitting difficulties in C-category frame structure of school buildings for the restriction of ductility requirements, and also explores how to apply energy dissipation technology to seismic retrofit of such buildings for achieving expected retrofitting objective and reducing heavy strengthening tasks. In the end, a retrofitting example of C-category frame structure of school building is cited to demonstrate the feasibility of energy-dissipating retrofit method. The analysis results indicate that energy dissipation technology can be well applied to C-category frame structure of school buildings retrofitting for increasing one grade of precautionary intensity.

Abstract: As most of the elementary, junior high, and high school buildings nationwide have been deteriorated since the quantitative increase of the buildings from 1985, many experts present the issues on the possibility of the structural instability of the building as well as the increase of the cost for maintenance of the building. So, it is necessary to examine the necessary structural information of the school buildings during the course of maintaining education facilities, and it is also necessary to establish some credible accessing procedures on the deteriorating school facilities so that the building structural engineers can propose the necessary standards for the proper maintenance and repairing works. To achieve the necessity, researches have been conducted to find out the ways of diagnosing the compressive strength and the durability of the concrete structures by measuring the compression wave velocity of concrete structures and the flaw detection inside the concrete specimens using the impact echo method, a non-destructive test to simulate the structures of school buildings. In this research, it was found that the impact echo method has great potentials in the application of the building structure maintenance and the repairing activities based on the accurate understanding of the existing school facilities that are being deteriorated. More over, school facilities has sometimes no structural design drawings available which NDT methods can contribute to detect the internal structural damages of existing building structures.