Papers by Keyword: Scouring

Abstract: Environmental awareness has created an increasing concern with the greenhouse cause and effect, it has simulated the need for a more natural and eco-friendly construction, formed from textile materials. Natural fibers seem to be a good alternative, as this research is focused upon the studies of the extraction of Hibiscus Tiliaceus fibers, found in abundance naturally. Since they are readily available and accessible in fibrous form, they can easily be extracted form the plant stem itself, which is a plant that grows naturally, with very low maintenance costs. In this research we have studied the strength of Hibiscus Tiliaceus, when extracting the fibers by hand. From this experiment, it was found that fiber was removed from the trunk of the plant, then the application of water rating could be used successfully for separating the extract fiber from the sheath of the Hibiscus Tiliaceus in turn. The microscopically longitudinal studies showed a roughness and also a flat surface in the fibers. The fiber width was recorded at 0.3 millimeter, as well as the fiber strength recorded at 651.9 denier and 10.93 newtons, respectively. There are three conditions of applications added for this natural fiber, which involve scouring and bleaching treatments.

Abstract: Raw wool fibers contain fat, suint, plant material and minerals. It is necessary to remove these from wool by scouring with a combination of detergents, wetting agents and emulsifiers before further processing. Dyeing and finishing of wool fibers is necessary for their application in apparel and also in interior, automotive, smart and technical textiles. Some of the detergents and auxiliaries used in scouring are eco-toxic and some of them are endocrine disruptors. In many countries, wool scouring and dyeing effluents cannot be discharged to watercourses without further treatment by removing color and toxic components. Wool fibers can be given chemical treatments to make them stain-resistant, flame retardant, shrink-resistant, photo-stable and resistant to insect attack. Some of the chemicals under current practice to achieve these functionalities in wool are not eco-friendly and their discharge to water course is limited to the consent limit set by environment agencies. Environmental impact assessment of raw wool production is well studied but to our knowledge no comprehensive study has been carried out around the environmental impact of chemical processing of wool. Like those of other fiber types, the wool textile industries are under intense consumer as well as stakeholder scrutiny. Accreditation schemes now exist to provide reassurance to modern consumers, who want to see that not only are the marketed products safe but also that they are processed sustainably under ethically and environmentally acceptable conditions. Several alternatives to improve the environmental credentials of various chemical processes used for wool will be discussed.

Abstract: Gabions, rubble stone walls, L-shape concrete retaining wall and revetments are commonly used for riverbank protection against base scouring and soil slope erosion. These conventional solutions for low retaining wall structures are relatively cheap and easy to execute. However, they are proven not lasting with high maintenance costs. Although steel sheetpile walls are structures with better performance for slope stabilization purpose, they are very expensive to build and maintain against corrosion. To address the problem, a new precast concrete soldier pile wall system was developed to provide a permanent and relatively economical solution with several innovative features. The system is comprised of a series of precast posts driven to the predetermined depth and secondary precast lagging elements secured between posts to support the retained earths. The structural capacity that resists lateral load is derived from passive earth pressure mobilized in front the embedded body to toe of the posts. The lagging elements are installed at 0.5m to 1.0m below the river invert levels to provide protection against base scouring. The precast posts and laggings take the efficient structural shape of corrugated section. They are jointed with a specially designed tongue and groove (T&G) slots to facilitate installation. A pilot project where such innovative solution is presented.

Abstract: This study used water to extract substances from hulls of soap nut fruits (Sapindus Emarginatus) and licorice root (Glycyrrhizaglabra L.) found in Thailand to remove waxes in cotton scouring process. CMC value from soap nut fruits were found to be 6 mg/ml with surface tension of 54.67 mN/m and can be used as wetting agent when the temperature is lower than 70 °C. CMC value from licorice root was 10 mg/ml with surface tension of 51.50 mN/m and can be used as wetting agent at temperature higher than 95°C. The results exhibited that both substances can be used to remove waxes in cotton scouring process. At the 40% of substance powder by fabric weight, the cotton fabric absorbed water in 5 seconds.

Abstract: The knitted pretreatment has a great influence on the dyeing process. It should adopt different pretreatment process for different material. As the article selects jade fiber and cotton blended yarn to achieve good dyeing effect，the scouring is considered as the first and then bleaching. This article mainly studies the bleaching process.

Abstract: The use of protease in the raw wool scouring process was investigated. Both native protease and an enlarged protease prepared by chemical modification were used. It was demonstrated that enzymatic treatment with protease in the scouring process (bio-scouring) can achieve cleaning of the fibre and modification of the cuticle layer leading to shrink-resistance. A reduction of lipid content was found and led to an improvement in dyeability of the fibre.

Abstract: Caofeidian reclamation work may have great influence on the hydrodynamic enviorment. Based on the four-year field survey on water depth, the batymetric maps of different years of Caofeidian are obtained. Through annalying field measurements, a series of comparisons of topography changes in cross section and profile sections are made. Because of the intensed promontory effects, the scour intensity is fierce near the cape but weak with the distance from the cape in the cross-section direction.

Abstract: To achieve bio-scouring or biological degumming of the flax roving, an alkalophilic strain was screened from the rotten wrack around Zhoushan archipelago sea area. Determination of enzyme activity showed that the activities of petinase and xylanase were obtained, and enzyme activities are stable under 50°C and at pH values in the range of 6.5 to 9.0. It was utilized to scour the flax roving under alkaline conditions, and the result showed that the strain had a good characteristic of scouring, and less strength loss of flax fiber was 14.19%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the gum in the flax fiber was mostly degraded, and the most smooth fiber surface was displayed, compared with fiber untreated and scoured by caustic soda.

Abstract: Abstract. The cationic modification process is usually used on the fabric to improve its dyeing property. In this paper, the cationic modification process which is used on cotton fibers is talked about and the pretreatment (such as scouring and bleaching) of cationic modification is made clear by means of testing the dyeing devoured rate of cotton fibers.