Papers by Keyword: Soxhlet Extraction

Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to synthesize hair conditioners using natural essence sources and determine the fluid properties of hair conditioners. The essence obtained from Picea pungens glauca (Blue Spruce Pine) leaves using Soxhlet extraction via ethanol was used to formulate a hair conditioner. Picea pungens, native to North America, are resistant to wind and air pollution and are grown in many regions. It has a strong flavor due to the terpenes in the leaf extracts. Here, we formulated a hair conditioner with these extracts, and then the physical and chemical features of the conditioners were examined. Characterization studies were done by viscometer, gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. On the other hand, the shear rate and viscosity values were used to determine whether the synthesized creams were Newtonian or non-Newtonian. The conditioners were determined to be Newtonian fluids based on the results obtained.

Abstract: Steam batch sterilization is favorably utilized by conventional palm oil mills in Malaysia. However, there are some disadvantages to using steam batch sterilization, including the fact that it takes a long time to complete the sterilizing process, and a huge amount of wastewater is released as palm oil mill effluent (POME). Besides, extraction by fruit press expeller requires a large number of nuts or seeds to produce a high yield, which is relatively expensive. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the capability of microwave sterilization and the Soxhlet extraction (solvent extraction) process as an alternative to the conventional method. The impact of various microwave power levels of 400, 600, and 800 W and water ratios of 0, 50, and 100 mL on oil yield and carotenoids value of microwave-sterilized oil palm mesocarp are also investigated. Microwave sterilization and Soxhlet extraction have been employed as a replacement for the conventional method of extracting a higher yield of palm oil mesocarp in order to fill the gap by the previous research, which applied two methods: microwave sterilization (power level) and extraction. Then, carotenoid value analysis with a UV spectrophotometer is utilized to examine the outcomes in order to demonstrate the efficacy of the method. As a result, a high oil yield and carotenoid value are produced, which is 59.31% at 800W with the absence of water (0 mL) and a carotenoid value of 757 ppm at 400W (0 mL), respectively. Meanwhile, other carotenoid values at different microwave power levels and water ratios are still within the acceptable range as per the commercial crude palm oil standard.

Abstract: Indonesia has great benefits as a tropical country where a wide variety of fruits, vegetables and other plants are found so that they have the potential to be a source of bioactive compounds such as flavonoid compounds. This research will study the effect of solvent polarity on the extraction of flavonoid bioactive compounds in bitter melon (Momordica Charantia L.) fruit and leaves using the Soxhlet method. The solvents used were non-polar (n-hexane), polar (ethanol), and semi-polar (ethyl acetate) with a concentration of 50% (v/v). Extraction was carried out at the boiling point of the solvent at various extraction times of 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes with a sample to solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/w). From this research, it was known that ethyl acetate was able to extract bitter melon with the highest yield than n-hexane and ethanol, which was 36% at 90 minutes. The largest total flavonoid compound (TFC) was obtained in extraction using ethanol then n-hexane and ethyl acetate. In Soxhlet extraction, the semi-polar solvent (ethyl acetate) has the best performance on the yield, while the polar solvent (ethanol) was the best for extracting TFC compounds in the bitter melon fruit and leaves.

Abstract: Poly (ether ester) elastomer, a segmented copolymer, recently has attracted a wide attention for its unique properties such as elasticity, low temperature impact resistance and chemistry resistance. In this work, a range of poly (ether ester) s were synthesized via a two-step polymerization method using poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as rigid segment and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) as flexible segment. The effects of the molecular weight (1000-8000 g/mol) and the weight ratios with PEG (30/100-70/100) of PET segments on the performance of synthetic copolymers were investigated. The chemical structure, thermal properties and hydrophilic performance of the copolymers were respectively characterized. Additionally, the practical block ratios of PEG/PET were calculated by the ¹H-NMR Spectra of the copolymer after Soxhlet extraction. Through the obtained results, it revealed that increasing the molecular weight or content of PEG could enhance the hydrophilic performance of the copolymers and reversely reduce its thermal stability. It was shown that the reactivity of PEG in the polymerization process was weakened when its molecular weight was above 4000 or weight ratio with PTA was higher than 60/100, subsequently affected the practical block ratios of PEG/PET in the resulting poly(ether ester)elastomers.

Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the use of green solvents for oil extraction from natural product using soxhlet extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods. In terms of qualitative and quantitative determinations on the extracted oils, the use of green solvents was comparable with n-hexane. For soxhlet extraction method, the integration of microwave application into the soxhlet at their optimum conditions has shown improvement in oil yield, oil quality, solvent consumption and extraction time. SFE using CO₂ also revealed promising results as soxhlet extraction but apparently it involved high operating cost and difficult to control. Despite of that, all the studies successfully demonstrated the suitability of green solvent as an alternative to petroleum driven solvents for extraction of oils from natural products.

Abstract: Extraction of castor oil is important in determination of the quality of castor oil extracted. The quality of castor oil being extracted has to meet the ASTM standard that has been produced. The way of extraction can be either mechanical extraction or chemical extraction that is practically used in the industry which give the highest yield of oil extracted. Castor oil is mainly composed of ricinoleic acid in high concentration. It is a unique vegetable oil that contains high content of fatty hydroxyacid.

Abstract: Effects of solvent types and extraction methods were investigated for effective recovery of fatty oils from Fructus Leonuri fruit . Among the five solvents tested, dichloromethane gave the highest recovery with Soxhlet extract ion (SE) , and ethanol gave the highest recovery with microwave assisted extraction (MAE) . In addition, the fatty oil content of the MAE extract was found to be only slightly lower than that of SE, but MAE was shown to permit comparable extract ion efficiency with 30 fold reduction in extraction time and 2 fold reduction in solvent consumption.

Abstract: To raise the extraction efficiency of the organic components of coal, samples were selected from tectonic coal and original bituminous coal in symbiotic seam of coal in Pingdingshan 8th coal mine and 5th coal mine. For comparing the extraction time required under the same extraction rate, two different extraction methods, ultrasonic-microwave coordination extraction and traditional soxhlet extraction, was adopted. The experimental results showed that the extraction proportion of ultrasonic-microwave coordination extraction was 10.7911% when adopted tectonic coal of 8th coal mine as sample, selected 80mL pyridine as solvent, set 95W as microwave power and 3min as extraction time. Under the condition of same extraction proportion, soxhlet extraction time is 39.43h.So the extraction efficiency of the ultrasonic-microwave coordination extraction was as 788.6 times as soxhlet extraction. The ultrasonic-microwave coordination extraction was a simplify method with fast extraction speed, large volume sample, energy saving and environmental friendly.

Abstract: A new method was established for detecting a series of photoinitiators (PIs) in printed cartonboard food-packaging materials, which were benzophenone (BP), 4-methylbenzophenone (MBP), 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (Irgacure184), ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDAB), 2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EHDAB) and 2-isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Extraction was carried out with ethyl acetate by ultrasonic solvent extraction. Samples were analyzed by GC/MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The results indicated that six kinds of PIs had good linear relations (R2>0.9989) in the range of 10~200 μg/L. Limit of Detections (LODs) and Limit of Quantifications ( LOQs ) of all kinds of PIs were 0.3~2.6 μg /kg and 1~8 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of six kinds of PIs at three kinds of concentrations researched (0.30 μg/kg, 0.60 μg/ kg, 1.0 μg/kg) were ranging from 66.7%~89.4%, with the Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 4.2%~10.6% (n=6). The results also suggested that PIs were detected in food packaging materials.

Abstract: Four different extraction methods, solvent extraction, ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction and supercritical CO₂ extraction, were used to extract oil from Macadamia integrifolia, which also named Macadamia nut oil. Fatty acid compositions of Macadamia nut oil were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the highest extraction rate was 74.63% via Soxhlet extraction, while supercritical CO₂ extraction was 70.53%, ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction was 57.19% and Solvent extraction was 50.37%. Six unsaturated fatty acids, including Z-9-Hexadecenoic acid, E-11-Hexadecenoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, E-9-Octadecenoic acid and 9-eicosenoate, were identified in the oil by GC-MS．The relative extraction rate of unsaturated fatty acids were 36.53%, 44.21%, 60.62%, 56.81%, respectively. Though the extraction rate was the highest via Soxhlet extraction, the relative content of Z-9-Hexadecenoic acid and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid were both higher extracted by supercritical CO₂ extraction than Soxhlet extraction, which were 15.38% and 1.55%,. As supercritical CO₂ extraction has no solvent residual problem, it would be the trend of the development in_{Subscript text} the future to extract Macadamia nut oil.