Papers by Keyword: Storage Tank

Abstract: Strength and remaining life of a storage tank was evaluated based on API 650/653 standard code. The tank was a vertical-cylindrical tank with a diameter of 29 meters and maximum capacity of 4,719 m³. The actual thickness of the shells of the tank were measured using ultrasonic testing. The finite element code ANSYS Workbench 2023 was used to perform the static stress analysis of the 3D model of the tank. The results show that the maximum equivalent stress was within the allowable stress of the material, hence the tank was considered safe based on API 650. The remaining life of the tank was then evaluated based on API 653. The critical section was found in the 2^nd course of the tank shell with a remaining life of 22.5 years.

Abstract: Several studies have investigated sloshing due to seismic excitation, mainly focusing on baffle effects and cyclic or recorded seismic loads. This study analyzes the seismic impact on an 80,000 m³ fuel storage tank in Tuban, East Java. Seismic events can cause fluid sloshing, increasing pressure on the tank walls and roof. Utilizing general-purpose finite element software, the sloshing phenomena are simulated using input dynamic loading in spectral response acceleration representing typical seismic loading per the Indonesian standard (SNI). It compares the traditional API 620 method with numerical simulations, revealing a 38% difference in sloshing height and a 40% difference in dynamic hoop stress. The numerical simulations predict a lower sloshing height due to unaccounted warm gas pressure, while the traditional method estimates less dynamic hoop stress. Although the API 620 method is more straightforward for design, numerical simulations provide a deeper understanding of sloshing pressure effects, enhancing asset integrity assessment.

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the risks that arise in tank operations and design risk mitigation for tank operations. This research uses the Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) method, where HAZOP is used to explain each part of the process to determine the risk of tank operations made and the causes and consequences. The data collected includes primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained through observation, interviews, and questionnaire survey results. The data sample in this study was carried out on a stockpile tank construction project owned by state-owned PT Pertamina Persero. The results showed that 1) sources of danger classified as extreme were found in the risk of fire, 2) sources of danger classified as extreme were found in the risk of fire, while the source of danger classified as moderate was the queue of tank cars, 3) risk mitigation obtained in this study were 36 mitigations in the process of receiving fuel oil and 35 mitigations in the process of distributing fuel oil, and the impact of risks obtained in this study in the form of fire, material loss, environmental pollution, oil contamination, explosion, tank leakage, sparks, lightning, overpressure, queuing mobile tanks

Abstract: The enhancement of thermal stratification in solar storage tanks is a crucial aspect of advancing solar energy technology. This study presents an experimental investigation conducted on a vertical cylindrical hot solar water storage tank operating in a dynamic mode, involving simultaneous charging and discharging. The experiment aims to assess the impact of varying inlet water flow rates (4, 6, 8, 10 L/min) on thermal stratification within the tank and explores strategies to mitigate heat losses to the environment and minimize mixing effects caused by the inlet fluid flow. The experimental setup incorporates insulation and an inlet port diffuser section to optimize the distribution of inlet water during the charging and discharging states. The results reveal that the utilization of an inlet port diffuser significantly improves thermal stratification by reducing heat losses and minimizing mixing effects, as evidenced by improved Richardson numbers. Additionally, this study contributes to the development of a compact solar domestic hot water (SDHW) solution.

Abstract: The jute polyethylene composites were developed using the hot-press technique with different fiber weight ratios. Due to the hydrophilic nature of fiber, it exhibited poor interfacial interaction to hydrophobic polymer matrix. In order to enhance the interfacial interaction between fiber and polymer, the benzene diazonium salt (BDS), propionic anhydride (PA), and 3-isocyanatopropyl triethoxysilane (silane) treated jute were used for the manufacturing of composites in this study. The chemical resistance tests of prepared composites were performed in order to probe whether these are resistant to various chemicals such as: acids, alkalis, and solvents. The effect of chemical treatments of the composites have been investigated. It was observed that the fabricated composites were resistant to all chemicals except carbon tetrachloride. The treated jute composites showed higher chemical resistance than raw jute composite and silane treated jute composite yield the highest resistance which can be suggested for making the water and chemical storage tanks.

Abstract: The PV/T hybrid system is a combined system consisting of PV panel behind which heat exchanger with fins are embedded. The PV/T system consists of PV panels with a battery bank, inverter etc., and the thermal system consists of a hot water storage tank, pump and differential thermostats. In the present work, the modeling and simulation of a Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) hybrid system is carried out for 5 kWp using TRNSYS for electrical energy and thermal energy for domestic hot water applications. The prominent parameters used for determining the electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency, overall thermal efficiency, electrical thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency are the solar radiation, voltage, current, ambient temperature, mass flow rate of water, area of the PV module etc. The simulated results of the Solar PV/T hybrid system are analyzed for the optimum water flow rate of 25 kg/hr. The electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency, overall thermal efficiency, equivalent thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency are found to be 10%, 34%, 60%, 35% and 13% respectively. The average tank temperature is found to be 50°C.

Abstract: A model has been established based on numerical calculation to analyze a vertical tube in tube stainless steel generator with forced convective boiling. Refrigerant vapour is generated from the weak refrigerant-absorbent solution takes place in the middle tube of the generator, when hot water through the outer side is used as boiling medium and the pipe arrays inserted is the phase change material containment. This paper shows the results of the TRNSYS modeling and simulation of a solar absorption cooling system under the weather conditions of Chennai in order to partially satisfy the thermal demand of a building room. The maximum hourly thermal load reaches 165 kW. The suggested model operates with concentrating parabolic collectors, a NH₃-H₂O single effect absorption air-conditioning system, hot water storage with PCM and an external auxiliary boiler. As a result of the method simplifying for the varying climate and different orientation of the components are analyzed. These outcomes show that the prime system could succeed a yearly solar fraction of 0.58.

Abstract: A three-dimensional numerical model was developed based on CFD software FLUENT to simulate leakage process of liquid ammonia tank. The results show the scope of ammonia gas expands with the increasing of wind speed, And the ammonia gas gathers in the upper space of the leaking tank when the wind speed is low.

Abstract: Initial rainwater pollution is an important non-point source pollution of urban drainage systems. The application of storage tanks and other reduction facilities has play a key role in reducing first flush pollution. Because of the lack of scientific evaluation system, the evaluation is disorderly and there are many operational problems. This case is based on the reduction facilities research of Suzhou Creek in Shanghai, through which a standard evaluation system and implementation procedure are built to perfect the incomprehensive and unscientific system, so that the efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: Structures with circular foundation (chimney, silo, oil tank) constructed on compressible soft soil, often have to opt for ground improvement like stone columns before construction. In this paper, the stress distribution on stone column-reinforced ground under cylindrical storage tank has been presented. Actual foundation soil reinforced with stone column is assumed as composite ground of soil and hollow cylindrical stone rings keeping the area ratio constant to carry the analysis in axi-symmetric condition. The soft soil, stone columns and granular fill are idealized using mechanical elements. The floor slab of the storage tank is assumed to be flexible enough to satisfy the theory of thin plate. Governing differential equations are derived to determine the vertical settlement and solved with finite difference technique. Contact stress at ground level is calculated from vertical settlement. It is observed that soft soil experiences heavy settlement and contact stress when the tank is full despite of low spacing to diameter ratio (S/d_c = 3) and reasonable modular ratio (E_c/E_s = 20). It is also observed that stress acting on edge stone column is lower as compared to the stress acting on center stone column even under uniformly loaded condition.