Papers by Keyword: Surfactant

Abstract: This study aimed to improve the efficacy of protein removal from fresh natural rubber latex (NRL) and to decrease the production cost by using surfactant treatment and leaching combination processes. The 0.5-3% anionic surfactants, i.e. sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium lauryl ether sulfate, nonionic tween80 surfactant, or an amphoteric cocamidopropyl betaine surfactant was used in surfactant treatment process. Moreover, water, aqueous surfactant solutions, and/or 1-5% organic solvents (i.e. ethanol, isopropanol and/or acetone) was then used in leaching process. The fresh NRL was preserved by paraben compounds in the presence of surfactant at ambient temperature for 20-120 minutes, and then centrifuged. This might prevent the skin irritation of deproteinized NRL (DNRL) caused by ammonium stabilizer that normally uses in latex industry. The upper rubber mass was then leached for upto three cycles with leaching solvents, and then finally redispersed in distilled water. The milky-like DNRLs were obtained by these processes. Their dry rubber contents were 41-47% that could be adjusted. Their viscosities were 9-13 centipoises with the pH of 6.04-6.61. The protein residues in these DNRLs were 0.0000-0.3244% which were lower than that of fresh NRL (1.2428%). These indicated the efficacy of studied deproteinization process for 73.90-100.0%. Types and concentrations of surfactant, incubation times, leaching solvents, and cycles of leaching process affected the efficacy of deproteinization process. Moreover, the properties of these dried films were not different from that of fresh NR film. This DNRL could be further used for several applications including medical skin products.

Abstract: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a technique used in oil and gas industries to increase the amount of crude oil production by injection of brine, a mixture of surfactant, water and seawater. As the results, crude oil contains brine which is corrosive. Surfactant is used to lessen the corrosion effect in addition to increase flowing of oil. In this study, the effect of surfactant on corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated enhanced oil recovery crude was investigated. Autoclave machine was used to perform corrosion experiment in the oxygen free environments. Corrosion rate was measure using weight loss method. The results show that surfactant reduces corrosion rate of carbon steel from 0.061 mm/y to 0.042 mm/y and the corrosion type on carbon steel was uniform corrosion.

Abstract: Abstract. Huge quantity of water consumed per car and the various chemical agents used in car wash activities discharged the untreated effluents into stormwater system and eventually ending up in our lakes, rivers and oceans [1]. The accumulated sediments from vehicle wash contain contaminants that reach concentrations where the sludge is considered as a controlled or hazardous waste including of metals, elevated levels of oil and grease, and the unacceptable levels of acidity or alkalinity [2]. This paper provides a comprehensive review of car wash wastewater data analyzes regarding the wastewater discharges, as well as contaminant levels of car wash activities. Besides, the further extensive research on treatments used for the car wash industry for pollutant removal routes including the removal effeciency of pollutants has also been highlighted. The expansion of the review on the influence of the treatment indicates that, the effeciency on removal pollutants depends on the treatment used. Overall, the review illustrates the necessity of a profound knowledge on the car wash wastewater with an extensive lists of common treatment of car wash wastewater in providing the alternative way for on-site treatment for car wash outlet in treating the effluent before discharging into water bodies. Hence, decreases the pollution governing environmental, operational parameters, and the treatment performances of low cost system in treating the car wash wastewater.

Abstract: In this paper, the formation, characterizaton, properties and applications of nanoemulsions are reviewed and summarized. Nanoemulsions are under extensive investigation as it can aid to recover the residual oil from reservoir rock in Oil Recovery application because of the submicron sized emulsion. Nanoemulsion is thermodynamically or kinetically stable system in which two or more immiscible phases that is made up at least one phase dispersed in others by mechanical shearing with appropriate surfactants. Nanoemulsions possess stability against creaming or sedimentation due to their small particle size while Ostwald ripening forming the main mechanism of nanoemulsion breakdown. Nanoemulsion has droplet sizes of the internal phase less than 500nm. Particle size and surface properties of droplets of nanoemulsion plays an important factor in the biological behavior of the formulation. Nanoemulsion shows great promise for the future of oil industries and biotechnologies, cosmetics and drug therapies.

Abstract: Evaporation of a thin layer of a polar liquid (water) having a free surface and located on a solid substrate is investigated. A surfactant is solved in the liquid film. The surface tension is a linear function of the surface concentration of the surfactant. The surface energy of the solid-liquid interface is a nonmonotonic function of the layer thickness and is the sum of the Van der Waals interaction and the specific interaction of the double electric layer on the interface. The effect of the solvable surfactant on the dynamics of the propagation of the evaporation front in the thin liquid film is analyzed in the long-wave approximation in the system of Navier-Stokes equations.

Abstract: This article is an overview of potential applications of nanoemulsion as a promising candidates for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and as a medium for wellbore cleaning. Nanoemulsion is an emulsion that has nanosize particle distributions in the range of below 500 nm. It also has lower interfacial tension (IFT) as low as the value of 0.001 mN/m. The small particle size distributions in nanoemulsion resulted the good properties of nanoemulsion in term of large surface area. This excellent property will improve the sweeping efficiency of the oil droplet in the reservoir and finally increase the oil recovery. Besides that, the unique features possess by nanoemulsion make it suitable as superior wellbore cleaner as compared to conventional detergent-based cleaner. Thus, the significance of nanoemulsion becomes the major highlight in oil and gas industry. This overview on nanoemulsion applications is imperative and necessary in order to provide an insight for the future development and perhaps open a door to extend the applications of nanoemulsion to other more challenging areas.

Abstract: In the present study, SiC reinforced particles were introduced to the Ni-P plating bath, and developed high SiC content composite coatings. Thin films nature properties and mechanical performances were evaluated well. The results showed that the Ni-P alloy embedded SiC particles formed a few cavities, and reduced coatings hardness and wear resistance in as-plated condition. After 400°C heat-treatment, Ni₃P crystalline phase formed and reached the max hardness, and conducted excellent trybological performances. SiC particles were decoposited in 600°C and reacted with Ni to form Ni₃Si and Ni₅Si₂, caused the decreasing in hardness.

Abstract: Gas hydrates are a major concern in oil and gas industry, Gas hydrates form in small amounts of water, gas, and the appropriate pressure and temperature conditions. Gas hydrate storage and transportation technology starts a new way for energy storage and transportation industry. The most critically technical problem is how to improve the hydrate formation rate, storage capacity and form continuously. The influences of surfactants on induction time in three types of solution with equal concentration were studied by means of visual hydrate experimental equipment, and generalized induction time was measured by direct observation method. Specific effects of different surfactants on hydrate formation were summarized, as well as the hydrate formation mechanism of surfactants . The lack of research and the research direction of the future were concluded . The further study of surfactant mechanism and build kinetics model containing surfactant have important theoretical value . The result shows that the gas molecules saturated due to the solubilization of surfactant, which promotes the progress of mass transfer in the hydrates. And driving force is provided for the complexation of host molecules and guest molecules during the formation progress of gas hydrates.

Abstract: The synthesis of controlled dispersity nanopowders is a vital nanotechnology task. This paper describes how the type of surfactants used during the hydroxide precursor Co (OH)₂ precipitation influences the dispersity of cobalt nanopowder obtained by the process of hydroxide reduction. It has been determined that the usage of surfactants may both increase and decrease the nanopowders dispersity: when using 0.1 wt.% “cetylpyridinium chloride – no surfactants – EDTA sodium salt – polyethylene glycol – sodium lauryl sulfate” surfactant solutions, during the precipitation process the specific surface of the obtained metallic nanopowder was equal to “3.7 – 4.5 – 5.0 – 6.0 – 9.5 m²/g”, respectively.

Abstract: The water-in-oil emulsion has been of great importance in the oil industry. The stability of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion has been investigated over a wide range of parameters. These parameters are salt concentration (0-8%), nonionic surfactant concentration (0-10%), and co-surfactant concentration (0-4%). The stability of water-in-oil emulsion was studied by recording the height of emulsion at 0, 6, 12, 24h. This investigation describes the coalescence process and shows that the presence of the surfactant is necessary for stable emulsion, and stability gradually decreases with salt concentration to some degree. Moreover, the co-surfactant combined with surfactant can increase the stability of emulsion effectively.