Papers by Keyword: Sustainable Energy

Abstract: The potential for biomass as an alternative source of energy is being studied widely. In this study, process flow design is done to analyse the pyrolysis of biomass and its products and how energy can be generated from its products. The energy used per process is calculated and the heat required in the processes were also calculated. The optimization of process parameters for the production of energy from wood biomass via pyrolysis was conducted using the Response Surface Methodology (RS) in the Design Expert 2022 environment using the following range of process parameters: temperature (400-1000°C), vapour residence time (5-30 min) and particle size (0.5-2.0 mm). The feasible combination of process parameters from the design of experiment was validated via physical experimentation having three responses namely: yield of char, yield of biofuel and yield of syngas. The designed experiments and corresponding outcomes produced three predictive models for estimating the yields of char, biofuel and syngas as a function of temperature, vapour residence time and particle size. The results obtained indicated that low temperature favours the formation of biochar while moderate temperature favours the formation of biofuel and the production of syngas is favoured by elevated temperature. The optimal values of process parameters and responses obtained include: temperature (642.271 °C), vapour residence time (6.248 min), particle size (0.603 mm), yield of char (71.9%), yield of biofuel (71.9%) and yield of syngas (76.5%). This study adds to the literature on the pyrolysis process for the conversion of wood biomass to energy. It also contributes to the fields of renewable and sustainable energy generation.Keywords: Biomass, biofuel, char, renewable and sustainable energy, RSM, syngas

Abstract: Gas hydrates, crystalline water-methane structures, offer vast energy potential but require optimized degassing for methane extraction. This theoretical study evaluates key parameters – pressure, temperature, chemical inhibitors, and geological conditions – using literature data. Depressurization (10→2 MPa) boosts dissociation rates by 50% but risks sediment instability. Thermal stimulation (2°C→10°C) enhances yields, with marine sediments (60–80% efficiency) outperforming permafrost (40–60%). Chemical inhibitors (e.g., methanol, 10–20% concentration) improve yields but face environmental and cost hurdles; saline solutions offer safer alternatives (30–50% yields). High porosity (30–40%) and permeability (10⁻¹² m²) increase recovery by 25%, while clay-rich formations reduce efficiency by 15%. Kinetic and equilibrium models provide insights but lack real-world validation. The study highlights the need for experimental tests to refine models and assess environmental impacts. Tailored strategies balancing dissociation speed with geomechanical stability and ecological safeguards could enable sustainable extraction. This work advances foundational knowledge for industrial-scale methane recovery from hydrates, emphasizing the potential of integrated approaches to unlock this unconventional resource.

Abstract: With avalanche of smart technological development on the horizon, one is of the view that the availability of smart technologies increases the demand for reliable, cost-effective and environmentally sustainable energy supplier system in place. To have such system in place, this study recognizes the need that necessitates a multi-disciplinary approach for the design and optimization of modern power grids. Thus, this study derives, an integrated mathematical optimization model for the development of a sustainable smart grid system that engages the interests of electrical, mechanical, metallurgical, civil, and control engineering disciplines. The engagement of such engineers has the potential to minimizes the total cost of energy generation, distribution, and infrastructure; while sustaining the environmental and maximizing energy eficiency, reliability. Therefore, to achieve our main objectives, an integrated mathematical optimization model incorporating power generation, energy demand, reliability, eficiency, maintenance costs, material lifespan, and emissions, subject to a set of constraints that ensure system balance, capacity limits, minimum reliability, eficiency, and compliance with environmental regulations. It is our strong hope that by optimizing these variables, the integrated mathematical optimization model addresses the critical challenges faced by various engineering fields. Since, electrical engineering focuses on the eficient distribution and reliability of energy; mechanical engineering on the performance and longevity of turbines and power systems; metallurgical engineering on material durability and eficiency; and civil engineering on the infrastructure required to support the grid; and furthermore, control engineering contributes automated solutions for load balancing and the integration of renewable energy sources. Thus, optimization model becomes a multi-objective optimization framework that provides a comprehensive solution.

Abstract: This study addresses the critical challenge of maintaining optimal temperatures in solar panels to maximize energy conversion efficiency. Efficient cooling is essential to mitigate performance degradation due to elevated temperatures. Our research proposes a novel and cost-effective cooling system designed to enhance solar panel performance under varying environmental conditions. The system integrates a 2 mm thick copper plate with attached copper tubes, facilitating the flow of 10°C cold water across the panel's backside. Additionally, a precision water spraying system delivers 0.5 liters per minute on the panel's surface. To bolster passive cooling, we incorporate paraffin wax alongside copper plates as phase change materials (PCMs), leveraging its high latent heat storage capacity to absorb excess heat effectively. Operational oversight is managed by an Arduino UNO, continuously monitoring real-time temperature data from DS18B20 sensors placed strategically at 10 cm intervals. Activation thresholds (typically set between 25°C to 30°C) automatically engage cooling mechanisms to maintain optimal operating conditions. Water pumps, operating at a sustainable flow rate of 3 liters per minute, are powered by auxiliary solar panels, ensuring minimal operational costs and environmental impact. Our findings underscore the efficacy of this integrated cooling approach in reducing solar panel temperatures, thereby enhancing overall efficiency and sustainability. This cost-effective solution holds significant promise for advancing solar energy technologies, contributing to economic viability and environmental conservation in solar power generation.

Abstract: The ground-air heat exchanger (GAHE) represents an eco-friendly solution for improving temperature conditions and, consequently, lowering the power demand in facilities. The aim of this research is to numerically analyze how the length and position of the phase change material (PCM) affect the behavior of the GAHE. To achieve this, a 3D computational simulation of the PCM integrated with the GAHE was employed, utilizing the equivalent heat capacity approach and tailored to the climate and ground properties of southern Brazil. This GAHE-PCM numerical model was created employing the finite volume method through the ANSYS Fluent program. From the obtained results, it was found that for a PCM length of 20.61 m, the incorporation of this material placed from the duct inlet offered an improvement of 13.37% in the average heating energy performance indicator (EPI) in the month of May, in contrast to the EPI value of 18.04% achieved when the PCM was added from the duct outlet.

Abstract: Africa's energy dynamics are marked by a blend of rapid urbanization, burgeoning populations, and growing industrialization, all against the backdrop of limited and often unreliable conventional energy infrastructure. This complex scenario prompts an exploration of the viability of hydrogen as a transformative energy solution. The continent's diverse renewable resources, from abundant solar and wind potential to hydropower capabilities, provide fertile ground for hydrogen production. However, Africa's energy transition journey is further complicated by the challenge of retrofitting or establishing sustainable energy systems in regions heavily reliant on fossil fuels. The tension between these established energy supply backbones and the imperatives of reducing carbon emissions necessitates innovative solutions. Hydrogen, with its potential for clean energy storage, emissions-free power generation, and industrial applications, offers a promising bridge between the need for modern energy access and environmental stewardship Drawing from case studies, the study delves the technological feasibility of harnessing hydrogen, considering existing energy infrastructure and emerging renewable technologies, the infrastructural challenges and opportunities presented by establishing hydrogen supply chains across diverse African regions. In conclusion, this paper underscores the significance of hydrogen as a pivotal pillar of Africa's sustainable energy future. This study aims to support policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders in navigating the path towards a hydrogen-powered Africa.

Abstract: The African continent is at the forefront of a transformative energy transition, driven by the urgent need for sustainable and accessible electricity solutions. The role of mini-grids emerges as a transformative solution to power rural and underserved communities. This paper delves into the role of mini-grids in catalyzing Africa's sustainable energy transition. Drawing on extensive research and case studies, this study explores Mini-grids, localized and decentralized electricity systems with immense promise for enhancing energy access, promoting renewable energy adoption, and fostering economic development across diverse African communities and the current landscape of mini-grids deployment in Africa. In this context, the paper highlights the critical importance of mini-grids in extending electricity services to remote and underserved regions, thereby empowering marginalized populations and advancing social equity. By integrating renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, into mini-grid architectures, African countries can significantly reduce carbon emissions and contribute to global climate goals. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the socio-economic impact of mini-grids by increasing the potential for job creation, local entrepreneurship, and sustainable livelihoods. It underscores how mini-grids serve as engines of economic growth, enabling productive activities and fostering community resilience. As Africa seeks to unlock its clean energy potential, this paper underscores the significance of mini-grids in building resilient and decentralized energy systems. It explores how mini-grids complement existing energy infrastructure, enhancing grid resilience and strengthening energy security in the face of climate change and other external disruptions. This study aims to inspire robust discussions and informed actions that accelerate the integration of mini-grids into Africa's evolving energy landscape.

Abstract: This paper is aimed at minimizing the energy gaps concerning “energy poverty” and “energy mix”, with a specific focus on the Nigerian-centric context. Most existing research entailing “energy poverty” are localized according to regions. Nigeria lacks its own definition of energy poverty. The paper’s novelty is thus the attempt to define energy poverty from a Nigerian perspective, following a review of existing definitions. Such a paper would enable more effective energy policies, as a problem definition would be clearer and more streamlined. Beyond the definition is an obvious fact that “energy poverty” is a problem, and the paper therefore proposes the “energy mix” as a solution. The proposed energy is to contain different kinds of energy resources, with the advantages of each maximized and their disadvantages minimized. This articulate paper discusses such technologies (fossil fuels, nuclear and renewables) highlighting the benefits and disadvantages; herein lies the opportunity for Nigeria and alike. A Nigeria where more people are enlightened about “energy poverty” would invariably translate into a better fight against energy poverty.

Abstract: Biogas contains more than 50% methane (CH₄), is a renewable and eco-friendly fuel produced by bacterial action. Not only is biogas flammable but it also contains inhibitors like carbon dioxide and nitrogen, as well as small amounts of H₂, O₂, H₂S and others. Several associated studies have been conducted in order to examine biogas combustion characteristics in external combustion and flame angle, flame height and dimensionless flame height are the important characteristics in external premixed combustion. This research’s aims were to discover the influences of N₂ as it is the second most prevalent inhibitor in biogas by burning stoichiometric fuel mixtures (CH₄ and N₂ (0%-50% of fuel)) and oxygen in an experimental external premixed combustion burner whose nozzle tip diameter was 5 mm. The burner was connected to a hose from the oxygen tank and another hose from the fuel tank. Two regulators and flowmeters were placed on each tank to monitor the flow supplied to the mixer and burner. The valves were used to stop or open the fluid supply. The outcome flame propagation is then recorded by a high speed camera and then processed through a computer system. The results indicate that N₂ influenced the flame angle, flame height and dimensionless flame height. The higher the N₂ content inside the fuel, the shorter the flame height and the lower the dimensionless flame height. Moreover, increasing the N₂ content created larger the flame angle.

Abstract: This paper presents a new technique for the design of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system to transmit the electrical energy generated by sustainable energy sources to load center located at far distances. The problems with high power capacity and power loss of high voltage alternating current (HVAC) system particularly in long distance transmission, has led to emerge new technology which is HVDC transmission. Therefore, with the development of high voltage valves, it is possible to transmit DC power at high voltages and over long distances. Simulation results show that the HVDC has the capability to produce ±1000 kV with high power capacity of 3 GW and efficiency equal to 98% for load center located at 1000 km. The simulation of this study is implemented using MATLAB/Simulink software. This study provides an insight and useful for the design of future HVDC transmission technology to deliver a large amount of electricity over long distance efficiently.