Papers by Keyword: Tensile Strength

Abstract: In this paper, the effect of printing parameters on the surface roughness and mechanical properties of wire arc additive manufactured (WAAM) carbon steel is evaluated. WAAM has become increasingly popular as an additive manufacturing method, particularly for producing large parts. Utilizing welding equipment with cold metal transfer (CMT) technology in WAAM production ensures high-quality parts. However, printing parameters play a crucial role in determining material properties. This study evaluates the impact of five different printing parameters on these properties. Microhardness measurements were conducted in the deposition direction of the printed walls, while optical microscopy was used to assess the surface roughness of the printed carbon steel. Tensile tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the WAAM-printed carbon steel. The results indicated uniform hardness across all printing parameters, with no observable defects such as pores. Significant differences in surface roughness were noted between the various printing parameters. Although the printing parameters did not significantly affect the tensile strength of the printed carbon steel, they did result in noticeable differences in elongation.

Abstract: Bamboo has become a raw material for products such as furniture, wickerwork, carvings, household furnishings, musical instruments and construction. The aim of this research is to find out how much tensile strength Petung bamboo has after being soaked using 100% household waste water. To calculate the tensile strength of petung bamboo material, the research method is based on the ASTM D 638-02 type 1 testing standard. Petung bamboo from Tana Toraja district, South Sulawesi province, Indonesia is the material used. The petung bamboo is cut into pieces and then woven with a plain-woven pattern (one by one) measuring 250 mm x 250 mm. This woven material is then made into woven pieces of petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper). This research was carried out on a laboratory scale where woven petung bamboo was soaked in a box with varying immersion times, namely 0 week (without immersion), 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks. After immersion according to varying immersion times, proceed with making composite panels, namely combining woven pieces of petung bamboo with epoxy resin. Composite panels are made with 3 layers variations, namely 1 layer, 2 layers and 3 layers. The results showed that the maximum tensile strength The maximum tensile strength occurred at a Immersion time of 2 weeks with variations in household waste water content of 100% in the 2-layer composite of 65.54 ± 8.24 MPa and the 3-layer composite of 70.32 ± 11.42 MPa. Meanwhile, for 1-layer composites, household waste water content of 90% was 51.02 ± 6.13 MPa. The minimum tensile strength occurs at a Immersion time of 8 weeks of 22.29 ± 5.04 MPa for 1-layer composite with a household waste water content of 90%, and for 2-layer and 3-layer composites it is obtained at 100% household waste water content of 26.65 ± 12.63. MPa for the 2-layer composite while for the 3-layer composite is 32.06 ± 3.65 MPa. It can be said that at the beginning of immersion, the tensile strength value increases and then gradually decreases.

Abstract: Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has been used in construction as it is lightweight, has flexural strength, is more durable and resistant to corrosion, impact, and fire. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a modern technique to predict the tensile behavior and cracking pattern of structural members using nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA). In this current study, 11 specimens of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforced concrete (RC) Beams with different reinforcement bars (#5, #6 and #8 bars) and spacing (30mm, 38mm and 50 mm) along with two different concrete strengths (Normal and high strength) were modelled to predict the flexural behavior, Moment deflection behavior and cracking pattern using ABAQUS 6.12. These specimens were modeled in ABAQUS using CDP Model and calibration was performed on basis of viscosity, dilation angle and meshing size. The outcomes of numerical modeling were compared with those of the experimental results. It has been shown that there is a slight disparity with very small differences between the experimental and numerical results.

Abstract: The study aims to determine the load contributes to changes in the tensile strength of steel P22 at high temperatures. The steel sample was loaded under 95 and 125 N at a temperature of 700 °C for 72 hours. The results showed that the strength of P22 decreased with increasing load. At the temperature of 700 °C, the yield strength (YS) value decreased from 200 to 182 MPa and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) reduced from 353 to 321 MPa as the load increased from 95 to 125 N. The precipitation of carbide in the matrix of P22 was observed in the steel sample loaded under 125 N at 700 °C for 72 hours. Furthermore, the cavity formation located on the boundary and near the carbide was confirmed when the temperature was 700 °C and the load increased from 95 to 125 N. The cavity was proof of a stress increase near the grain boundary, causing a decrease in the steel’s strength after a certain period of working time at high temperatures.

Abstract: The durability of degradable polylactide and its composites is a primary bottleneck for its long-term applications. This work reports the investigation results on the durability of short jute fiber/polylactide (PLA) composite material in indoor conditions performed for over 15 years. The material was fabricated in July 2006, using the film stacking hot pressed method. It was exposed in an indoor environment for a durability test. The appearance and the microstructure of the material were inspected by using a scanning electron microscope. Surface reticular micro-cracks and small pits on the resin-rich region of the composite plate were observed. The thickness of the composite plate did not show visible change. Tensile strength was tested by using a universal tensile test machine. Tensile stress at the break did not show an obvious reduction compared with the initial strength obtained 15 years ago. The results demonstrate that jute fiber/polylactide composite has good durability in moderate environments.

Abstract: Water hyacinth (WH), a free-floating aquatic plant with rapid growth characteristics, often forms thick layers on the water surface, causing issues such as destroying the ecosystem, affecting aquaculture, and hindering agricultural activities. Using WH to produce valuable products can contribute to economic development and overcome these problems. This study used the thermal compression technique to fabricate the cellulose film from alkali-treated WH without using synthetic polymers. The effects of the processing time and temperature of the thermal compression method on the tensile properties, moisture content, and water absorption were investigated. A scanning electron microscope characterized the surface morphology of WH fibers. The results showed that the WH film possessed some specific properties, including a tensile strength of 1.869 MPa, an elongation of 1.25 %, a moisture content of 3.05 %, water absorption of 62.99 %, and water contact angle of 70.1^o. In future perspective, WH film can be used to manufacture biodegradable products for commercial applications, such as coasters and plates, thanks to availability, sustainability, plentiful and inexpensive raw materials.

Abstract: The advancement in digital 3D printing technology is further evolved with the development of new deposition materials. The materials for fused deposition modelling are successfully implemented in the field of medical and electronics engineering application for printing actual working products. The present paper deals with the effect of three different raster orientation angles and a 0.5 wt.% dope of graphene on the tensile strength of samples made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene as per ASTM-D638 standard. It is interesting to observe that the samples prepared with a raster orientation of 0° degree with respect to the longitudinal axis showed highest tensile strength followed by 45° and 90°. The similar trend is also observed with the samples doped with 0.5 wt.% graphene although the tensile strength is observed to increase by 50% than that of the samples of plain ABS. In order to explore the effect of strain rate on tensile strength of plain and doped ABS specimens, the experiments were also performed at a cross head speed of 300mm/min and found that the strain rate increases the tensile strength by 2 to 3 times depending upon the raster orientation angle during fabrication of the samples.

Abstract: The durability and functionality of medical rubber products made from natural rubber or poly (cis-1,4-isoprene) are essential in medical and healthcare applications. However, natural rubber products are prone to degradation over time, which can compromise their performance. This study investigates the impact of limonene on the degradation of natural rubber, focusing on the material’s physical and chemical properties. To achieve this, natural rubber samples were prepared and exposed to different concentrations of limonene oil (20%, 40% 60%). The effect of limonene on the natural rubber was assessed by measuring the changes in tensile strength, physical size of samples, stability and chemical composition over immersion times of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The findings of this study revealed that the immersion of natural rubber in d-limonene led to a significant reduction of tensile properties due to chain scission and bond breaking as well as cross-linking within the rubber. These mechanical alterations were more distinct with the longer immersion times and the higher limoneone concentrations. Additionally, the samples exhibited noticeable dimensional changes with greater concentrations of d-limonene leading to more substantial swelling and ultimately causing a reduction in tensile strength. FTIR-ATR spectroscopy analysis had also revealed chemical modifications in the rubber's structure, particularly related to carbonyl groups. This study provides valuable insights into the vulnerability of natural rubber to limonene-induced degradation. It highlights the need for further research and formulation to enhance medical-grade rubber products' performance for SDG-3.

Abstract: The economic and technical advantages of 3D printing make it a possible replacement for conventional production processes, especially for complex products and small batches. It is important to point out that technological parameters of 3D printing, such as layer thickness, print density, print speed, melting temperature, and table temperature, have a significant impact on the mechanical properties and productivity of parts obtained by 3D printing. Because of all the above, there is a great interest in research in this area. The paper presents the results of testing the tensile strength of the ABS polymer, in which two parameters were varied: the thickness of the print layer (0.39 mm) and the print density of 60–100% in steps of 10% each. The samples were obtained on a ZORTRAX M200+ 3D printer using fused filament deposition (FDM) technology. The selected thickness of the printing layer is relatively large, and with it, parts with lower accuracy and high surface roughness are obtained, although at the same time high productivity is achieved, which can satisfy some requirements. The obtained tensile strength values show that increasing the print density leads to an increase in its value, with a deviation in the sample with a print density of 100%, whereas the tensile strength values are comparable to the values obtained by other authors.

Abstract: The effect of zinc stannate and synergy between zinc stannate with ammonium polyphosphate in polypropylene matrix is studied. The zinc stannate nanoparticles were synthesized by surfactant assisted low temperature precipitation method, and further surface modified with tetraethyl-orthosilicate at room temperature. Zinc stannate (ZS) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were incorporated in polypropylene matrix (1, 5 and 10 % by wt.). PP nanocomposites were analysed for flexural strength, tensile strength, linear burning rate, smoke density and LOI test. Morphology of nano particles and composites were analysed by FESEM. Mechanical analysis of PP nanocomposites demonstrates that, the modified ZS-TEOS performed better than unmodified ZS. Smoke density profiles suggest that the APP could slightly generate more smoke in PP with ZS and ZS-TEOS. Linear burning rate test results indicates that the APP with ZS and ZS-TEOS provide stability to PP for resisting flame spread.