Papers by Keyword: Tiles

Abstract: In this study eggshells and low density polyethylene plastic (LDPE) wastes were reused to produce tiles. The eggshells were ground in a laboratory scale jar mill into the particle size of fine sand. The optimum grinding parameters were determined to be the setting that produced the highest mass of eggshell powder that was within the desired particle diameter size range of 0.425 mm (No. 40) and 0.075 mm (No. 200). A two to the three factorial design of experiment was used with variables of Time, Speed, and Ball Filling Ratio. The high and low values used in this study were 20 minutes and 10 minutes for the time, 250 rpm and 100 rpm for the speed, and 35% and 20% for the ball filling ratio. There were eight settings made with 3 trials per setting and one validation for the optimal setting produced. The eggshell powder produced by the optimal setting of the jar mill was used to create the LDPE-eggshell tiles. Four tiles were made for the three trials and for the validation part. The tiles were tested for its relative strength using the Compression Testing Machine. The researchers determined that eggshells and LDPE plastics may be formed into tiles and that the strength of the tiles that were produced by these materials exceeded the standard value set for this type of product.

Abstract: Infrastructural developments are inevitable for the developing countries and hence the production of sustainable building materials is promoted worldwide. Sustainable development in the vicinity of tiles is bewildered for more than a decade. Production of conventional tiles such as cement concrete tiles, clay tiles and ceramic tiles is energy intensive approach and levies lot of strain over the adjunct ecosystem. On the other hand there are serious problems related to the disposal of flyash, Rice Husk Ash throughout the world. An approach has been taken to synthesis tiles based on these industrial byproducts as the base materials through Geopolymer technology. In this work, Geopolymer mortar after heat curing is applied as tiles. In this work, Flyash is replaced by Rice Husk Ash in various proportions such as 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent. Tests such as workability, flatness, straightness, perpendicularity, water absorption, modulus of rupture and abrasion are conducted and fair results are obtained. This research also portrays the effect of Rise Husk Ash addition over the flyash based Geopolymer binder in the utility as tiles. The findings of this research work encourages the development of energy efficient tiles using industrial wastes. Keywords: Geopolymer, Rice Husk Ash, Tiles

Abstract: This study aims to characterize slag and from a steel mill and clays from in the state of Pará, aiming at its incorporation into clays for tiles production. The waste passed through the processing step X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were performed. Besides that, strong and weak clays from state of Pará were also analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD. The results showed that hematite, magnetite and wustite are the predominant phases. The chemical analysis by XRF showed that the residue presents low levels of silica (SiO₂) and alumina (Al₂O₃) associated with elevated levels of iron oxide. Thus, the characterization of steel slag showed that this residue presents itself as a potential ceramic constituent and can contribute to the formation of liquid phase during which it would lead to improvement of technological properties such as water absorption and mechanical resistance.

Abstract: The results of selection and principles of calculating the ceramic masses composition for the clinker tiles’ production from argillites taking into account the raw materials’ characteristics are presented. The positive properties of argillites, as well as the properties that do not allow the tiles’ production of by stamping, which is traditional for these products’ manufacturing, are noted. Having low sensitivity to drying, low air shrinkage, high strength of the calcined shard, while being fusible sintering raw materials, argillites are low plastic and have insufficient bonding during molding, which indicates the need for corrective additives. In this work, the task to select the composition of ceramic masses to increase the plasticity of argillites while maintaining the positive properties of the main raw material was set. The authors proposed the use of siliceous clays as a corrective additive. An integrated approach was applied in calculating ceramic masses by grain composition and chemical and mineralogical indicators. Based on the research of A.I. Avgustinik, the oxide content Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, K and attitude Al₂O₃/SiO₂ was taken into account. In order to obtain the densest packing, when calculating the grain composition, the natural dispersion of siliceous clays and the grain composition of previously prepared argillites were taken into account. The obtained theoretical calculations were tested in practice. Practical results showed that the 15% introduction of siliceous clay with the ceramic mass composition made it possible to obtain clinker tiles with improved physical and mechanical properties.

Abstract: Studies have shown that using nonferrous metallurgy waste in the ceramic mixture for the making of roof tiles improves the final product quality; one can use the clayey portion of the zircon-ilmenite ore gravity tailings as the clay, pyrite cinders as leaners and sintering intensifier, and wollastonite as an agent to reduce shrinkage and prevent deformation-related buckling. The common method of linear regression was used to study the dependency of the basic physico-mechanical properties of tiles on how much clay from the zircon-ilmenite ore gravity tailings, pyrite cinders, and wollastonite is used in manufacture. The resultant mathematical model takes into account the combined effects these components have on the physico-mechanical properties of tiles; it matches well the experimental data.

Abstract: The study was focused on the performance of rutile addition in the glaze for antibacterial application. Rutile powder in micro size (<5µm) (at different composition 5 wt%, 7 wt%, 9 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt%) were added in the glaze. Glazing was performed by dipping method for 10 seconds. Glazed tile was then sintered at 1200°C for 1 hour. Characterizations used to observe the properties of produced tiles were physical observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Optimum sample was undergone an antibacterial test towards E.coli.

Abstract: Electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) is a solid waste from steel making industrial. Previously, EAFS was deposited, recycled or used as fertilizer. In present study, EAFS is used as one of the raw materials in ceramic tile production. EAFS added tiles samples have been prepared by mixing of EAFS with ball clay, quartz and feldspar. The feldspar content was varied at various weight percentages (0, 10 and 20 %) to observe their effect on the produced samples. The raw materials mixture was pressed and then sintered at temperature range 1100°C-1175°C for 1 hour. In general, results shows that, sample with higher content of feldspar require shorter vitrification range and having relatively higher density and good strength properties. In addition, MOR value was increasing as the sintering temperature was increasing. However when the temperature reached 1175°C, the MOR was dropped which may be due to the early vitrification of the compositions, resulting in over firing, grain growth and recrystallization. Whereas the density values are relatively higher than the conventional vitreous ceramic tiles due to the presence of high amount of iron oxide from the EAFS.

Abstract: Portuguese ceramic tiles of different origins from XVIth century to XXth century were studied. In this work we describe microstructural, mechanical and mineralogical characterisation and water absorption studies. Microstructural features (pore size) were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs. Mechanical tests (four point bending) were performed and the bending strength was determined from the fracture loads. From water absorption essays the absorption coefficient and the total amount of water retained were obtained and the open porosity was estimated. The maximum water absorbed tends to decrease from XVIth century until XXth century, showing a more pronounced drop for the tiles of the XIXth and XXth centuries. This evolution is also observed in the open porosity values. From image analysis data we also observed that porosity decreases progressively with time and an important drop is observed for XXth century tiles. The bending resistance of tiles from XVIIth to XXth century is almost constant and higher than that of XVIth century samples. This evolution does not correlate with porosity. Advances in ceramic processing, such as higher firing temperatures may lead to the appearance of quartz as almost the only crystalline phase. We consider that an increase in the bending strength is due to a more effective vitrification and a lower porosity.