Papers by Keyword: Turbidity

Abstract: The aim of this study was to create a practical water filter to improve the quality of Muara Angke well water. There are three main steps in this research, namely initial testing of Muara Angke residents' well water, making water filters, and testing filtered well water. There are three types of tests carried out, namely resistivity, pH, and turbidity. The water filter uses sedimentation techniques using natural materials. The composition of the materials from top to bottom is gravel (30 cm), silica sand (40 cm), manganese zeolite (40 cm), and activated carbon (40 cm). Well water, whether filtered or not, still contains more dissolved ions which causes its resistivity to be lower than bottled water. The filtration process using silica sand, manganese sand, and activated carbon does not directly cause a significant decrease in pH. However, if the source water has certain chemical characteristics or there are reactions that result in increased acidity (such as from CO₂ or oxidation reactions), the pH of the water may decrease slightly. The filtration media used helps reduce water turbidity, but has not reached the desired standard.

Abstract: The need for less harmful remedies to olden day inorganic coagulants like alum regarding with health and environment is for a long time pushing for research towards more sustainable options. This has embarked on by researching the capability of pomegranate seeds as an integral component which is environmentally friendly when it comes to treatment process of waste materials. The impacts of pomegranate seed extract at different concentrations were analyzed to find out their abilities in reducing preference ratio, color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). It’s only at an optimum dose level set at 500 mg/l that a significant decrease in pollutants’ content was achieved such as this case; 78.3% removal efficiency rate was recorded on turbidity followed by 93.5% of TSS removal rate 91.5% color removal efficiency and finally 17.7% COD removal percentage. These findings indicate that pomegranate seed might be considered as an appropriate alternative to traditional coagulants during water treatment processes.

Abstract: The quality of water stands particularly in the context of green globalization. Ensuring the safety of drinking water necessitates of water quality monitoring in real-time. The present study introduces a cost-effective solution for water quality monitoring in real-time through the advance developing of a cost less system. The system integrates multiple sensors capable of measuring both physical and chemical parameters of water, including temperature, pH, turbidity, and total dissolved solids. The data collected from these sensors are processed by a core controller, with the Arduino model identified as a suitable candidate. This system offers an affordable and efficient means of continuous water quality monitoring, thereby contributing to the provision of clean and safest drinking water resources in era of green globalization.

Abstract: Abstract. Water is a natural and essential resource for life and must be preserved. Its potability is also vital for human survival. In this context, the turbidity parameter is a factor preponderant, as its presence can “protect” harmful microorganisms during the disinfection. Considering the extensive volume of data collected by Pelotas Autonomous Service of Sanitation at the Santa Bárbara Water Treatment Plant over the years, it was proposed to develop a methodology to support decision-making by managers, through data processing using statistical methods, machine learning and time series. Studies have shown that turbidity is an essential parameter in quality monitoring of the water andcan be inferred before the filtration stage from data collected throughout time. Furthermore, using data from the treatment plant itself offers the advantage of taking its peculiarities into account in the analysis.

Abstract: The results of laboratory studies on selection of reagents and optimal dose during treatment of low-mast water of Saratov reservoir with high permanganate oxidability are presented. Laboratory studies of purification of low-yield water with high permanganate oxidability by POHA coagulants «Aqua-Aurat 30», aluminum sulfate and flocculants Praestol 650, PAA and Magnofloc LT-20 are presented, which can provide maximum degree of water clarification, with minimum content of residual aluminum in drinking water and permanganate oxidability value. The obtained results of experimental studies on the coagulation of low-flow waters of the Saratov reservoir with high permanganate oxidation in the flood period showed that the maximum decrease in permanganate oxidation concentration is achieved by settling at an optimal dose of coagulant «Aqua-Aurat 30» – 8.0 mg/dm³ by Al₂O₃ and a dose of flocculant Praestol 650 – 0.3 mg/dm³. The value of residual aluminium in purified water is 0.03 mg/dm³.

Abstract: The usage of groundwater as drinking water source in many parts of Kelantan encourages the research and development of various cost-effective alternative adsorbent material for turbidity reduction and drinking water purification. The preparation, characterization, and use of a magnetic biocarbon adsorbent composite (MBAC) is introduced in this study as an option to treat turbid groundwater. In contrast to commercial activated carbon (CAC), peak shifts and peaks denoting Fe-O bending were observed in the FTIR spectrum of MBAC. The adsorption process for turbidity reduction by MBAC and CAC was investigated. A factorial design matrix consisting of four parameters were tabulated, namely, adsorbent dosage (0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 g), agitation time (15, 30, and 60 min), agitation rate (150, 200, and 250 rpm), and two adsorbent particle size ranges (M: 300 < x ≤ 500, and Q: ≤ 45 μm). The predictive model was validated with 0.04 g MBAC of ≤ 45 μm in particle size, agitated at 150 rpm, for 48 min, that attained 98.46% turbidity removal efficiency with a final NTU reading of 0.40. Conversely, CAC removed 88.19% for a final NTU reading of 3.07. Overall, the iron oxide impregnated biocarbon composite showed better turbidity reduction capability compared to CAC. The findings of this work support the potential application of MBAC as an alternative adsorbent for the treatment of groundwater sourced drinking water.

Abstract: Electrocoagulation process was employed for the treatment of river water flows in Iraq. In this study, a batch Electrocoagulation process was used to treat river water taken from Al - Qadisiyah water treatment plant. electrolysis time, voltage and inter-electrode spacing were the most important parameters to study . A statistical model was developed using the RSM model. The optimum condition after studying the parameter effect the process was 1 cm separating, 30 volts . The RSM model shows the ideal condition of removal for both the TSS and turbidity at 1 cm, 20 volts and 55 min.

Abstract: In most scenarios, there tend to have some impurities such as organic and inorganic substances found on the surface water. These impurities can be classified as insoluble and soluble compounds which in turn, can be purified by filtration and sedimentation prior used. Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), is one of the most contaminated compounds on surface water, mainly causes severe damage to industrial parts. Therefore, CaCO₃ need immediate removal from raw water before applied to an unit operation by coagulation and flocculation. We mainly focused on precipitation of synthetic water and raw water with polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and synthetic polymer flocculants in this research study. The synthetic flocculants of Polyacrylic acid (PAA), Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) (PAAAM) by free radical polymerization in aqueous. The PAAAM is synthesized in various mole ratio of acrylic acid and acrylamide of 9:1 to 5:5. The polymer flocculants are characterized by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR techniques. The FTIR spectra of the sample showed absorption frequency above HYPERLINK "tel:3200-3000" \t "_blank" 3200-3000, 1750-1550 and 1650-1500 corresponding to OH and CO stretching and NH bending respectively. The ¹H-NMR spectra of PAM showed chemical shift at 1.50, 2.10 and 4.20 ppm regarding to proton of methyl, methylene and amide group respectively and the present of proton resonances at 1.50 and 2.30 ppm regarding to proton of methyl and methylene of PAA. The removal efficiency of suspended CaCO₃ is measured and calculated via turbidity technique. The dosage of PAC 0.1 ppm can remove suspended CaCO₃ approximately 65.33% after the PAAAM with mole ratio of 8:2 is applied to system lead to the removal efficiency increasing to 99.03%.

Abstract: Alum is a useful product in both leather tanning and water treatment purposes where it serves as a coagulant and disinfectant. High quality alum has recently been produced from some Nigerian kaolinite (Bauchi and Kankara) via the energy-saving process. This process utilizes the heat generated when sulfuric acid is mixed with water to dealuminate the metakaolin, instead of the usual application of external heat source. This study focuses on testing their effectiveness in actual water treatment process in comparison with a commercial alum. Several parameters of the raw water and 50 to 300 ppm of alum-raw water solution were measured to determine the effects of the alum addition. The influence of both alums was found to be strikingly similar. While the total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductivity increased with alum concentration, the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and alkalinity of the water showed reduction. The coagulating effectiveness of both alums was demonstrated by over 95% reduction in the turbidity of the raw water sample. The results also revealed that the alum from Nigerian kaolinites showed remarkable and desirable water treatment qualities and compares well with the commercial alum for all the tested parameters. The development of alum production plant using Nigerian kaolinite is therefore recommended as it can serve as alternative to the present commercial alum that is majorly imported.

Abstract: Excess deposits of phosphorus into surface waters have caused a lot of devastating effects on both human and aquatic lives and, of course, ecosystem disruption. Ox-eye seed (OES), an agricultural biomass, has been explored as a coagulant to remove phosphorus from aqueous solution through coag-flocculation process. The seeds were prepared into a coagulant and a proximate analysis was carried out on the prepared OES. Nephelometric analysis was employed to investigate the effects of settling time, coagulant dosage and pH on phosphate removal efficiency of OES. The process parameters were optimized using Response Surface Methodology. OES’s performance was compared with Alum’s, a conventional coagulant, and the results obtained reveal Alum as having a global minimum of zero turbidity, global optimum values for pH (7.4103) and dosage (301.6501mg/l) but a local optimum of 80min for settling time, while the optimum operating parameters for OES are 7.3740 (global), 500mg/l (local), 80min (local) and 11.2266mg/l (local) for pH, dosage, settling time and turbidity respectively. It is evident that, by increasing settling time and dosage , OES can effectively compete with Alum. The main attribute to effective performance of both OES and Alum is pH. The interactions pH-dosage and pH-settling time are significant. The model accuracy is confirmed by the values of R² >0.99 and is validated by the closeness of the experimental data to the predictions. Keywords: Phosphorus, wastewater, turbidity, Coagulant, ox-eye, flocculation