Papers by Keyword: Turkey

Abstract: Energy is one of the most important inputs to maintain social and economic improvement in the countries. It is necessary that energy demand should be performed at the right time economically and be of good quality and respectful if increasing environmental consciousness in order to preserve national development and a high standard of living. Turkey's energy use is expected to increase by 50% over the next decade. Turkey's installed capacity has exceeded 88 GW as of January 2019, representing a threefold increase in 15 years. For this reason, an accurate prediction of the consumed energy is critical. Predictions of energy demand in developing countries show more deviations than in developed countries. The essential scope of this study is to develop a new electricity prediction model for Turkey, which has not been used in the literature before. In the study, the global system for mobile communications (gsm) subscribers, fertility rate and cultivated land per capita have been used for the first time in the literature as variables. Factors resulting from health-ecological problems as well as cultural, social and economic changes and differences in Turkey were included in the model to obtain more realistic results. The model was developed between 1975 and 2016, and 73 different economic and social variables were evaluated using artificial neural networks (ANN). The model was established by reducing the number of variables according to the weight ratio. Then, two different cases have been created and tested. Turkey’s electricity consumption has been predicted accurately until 2023 using SPSS Clementine software.

Abstract: Last years more and more Russians are buying property abroad, not only in order to obtain from her rental income or resale, but also for a family holiday by the sea in a favorite of the country. The article describes the main criteria for the choosing of foreign real estate. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of buying property in countries such as Turkey, Egypt, Greece.

Abstract: Domestic hot water preparation systems with flat plate solar collectors are widely used in Turkey. In this collector, the temperature difference between the required water temperature and the ambient air temperature increase causes a decrease in the efficiency of the collector. In this study, the use of double glass in order to increase the efficiency of the collector is studied experimentally.The location is in Isparta South West Turkey. Experimental study is conducted in May 2013 at the Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta. The system components are solar simulator, solar collector, tank, circulation pump, flowmeter, thermocouples, data acquisition device and solar sensor. Solar collector system’s operating temperature is 50 ^oC for winter also summer. The difference between the collector temperature and the ambient air temperature exceeds 25 ^oC in many cases, were found to be more efficient double-glazed collectors. When the temperature difference is 40 ^oC, using double glazing collector is 24% more efficient than using single glazing collector.

Abstract: Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is a phase of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in order to quantify various environmental impacts based on the inventory analysis. Weighting although is not the mandatory element of LCIA is the element in which local data becomes important. Potential environmental impacts and the importance of particular impacts can be quite significant among the countries or regions. Determination of the importance degree is possible by weighting of the selected environmental impact categories. Therefore, this study aimed to develop local weighting factors (WFs) by taking the environmental issues into consideration for the building materials produced in Turkey. And 11 environmental impact categories such as global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, photochemical ozone formation, eutrophication, fossil fuel depletion, mineral resource depletion, water depletion, land use, indoor air quality and waste were selected considering environmental impacts caused by the building materials and environmental issues in Turkey. And WFs of these categories for Turkey were determined by using a panel approach. Thus, it can be possible to assess environmental impacts of building materials by using local data.

Abstract: This paper presents the current post-earthquake damage assessment procedure in Turkey, and is based on the authors experience in the province of Van after the earthquakes in late 2011. The damage assessments were conducted mainly by the state with the collaboration of the Chamber of Architects in Turkey. It is aimed at explaining how the damage surveys are conducted and what problems occurred during and after the completion of the assessments. The differences and similarities between other countries post-earthquake damage assessment practices are also examined by comparing them and giving some examples.

Abstract: Building materials damage to the environment during each stage of their life cycle. An important part of these damages is due to the energy consumption during the process. Many building materials sector like cement, iron, steel, glass etc use high rates of fuel and electrical energy. Greenhouse gases resulting from the use of energy lead to global warming that cause climate change. And acid rain damages living and non- living beings on the earth. In addition, volatile organic compounds and granular particles as a result of combustion of fossil sources enter the human body through the respiratory or digestive systems which lead to serious illnesses. Therefore, responsible use of energy is important for both resource efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. An important part of life cycle energy of building materials is consumed during the production and transportation processes. In this study, it is aimed to investigate initial embodied energy of cement, marble, glass and aluminum sectors in Turkey. The current situation was stated by the method of literature review and inventory analysis of the energy flow to calculate the amount of the total energy consumption of the building materials during these processes was recommended. Thus, it will be possible to compare the amount of total energy consumption in different production plants.

Abstract: A significant part of traditional dwellings in Turkey consists of houses built with wood-frame technique. The building of wood-frame houses continued until the 1950s. Up to the 1990s, the preferred method of restoration in Turkey of wooden buildings, which have been disappearing very quickly due to many reasons, had been to demolish and to rebuild them in reinforced concrete maintaining their outside appearance. Restoration experts have constantly explained that producing copies devoid of all their original values is contrary to the spirit of “preservation” and nowadays the obligation to restore wooden buildings by using the method of wood-frame building has been introduced; however, despite the introduction of the wood-frame method the demolition and reconstruction of wooden buildings have continued. The Yakup Ağa Mansion was built in 1911 in Gerze/ Sinop The building, which was set on stone cellar walls, in three storeys with a wooden frame, is made up of two quarters. As time went by, the supporting frame weakened, leading to a partial collapse of the mansion, with the result that a project for the reconstruction of the mansion in reinforced concrete was approved, but never carried out. The mansion was expropriated in 2000 and restored in 2006. The restoration was done by paying attention to the preservation of original architectural elements, and the wood-frame was reinforced with partial renovations. In this paper, the consolidation, completion and reconstruction interventions carried out to preserve the wooden mansion will be analysed, with the aim of determining the degree of conservation of the aesthetic, historical evidence and authenticity values of the building.

Abstract: The Ahi Çelebi Mosque, which is among Istanbul’s oldest mosques, is located on the shores of the Golden Horn in the Eminönü. This mosque, which was very probably built by Ahi Çelebi towards the end of the 15th century, was restored during the 16th century by Architect Sinan. It is a stone building with a rectangular plan, single dome, with a rear congregational area/son cemaat yeri in front of its main space, and a cut stone minaret at its right corner. Damaged by fires and earthquakes during its long history, this building, set on reclaimed land, was restored and strengthened at various times through the years. In the 1980s, the building was unfavourably affected by the construction of the new Galata Bridge; it began to sink and slide towards the sea, with the result that it had to be supported with steel girdles as a temporary measure and was abandoned. In 2000, the General Directorate of Foundations had concrete pillars added underground to stabilise the base, and the sea water around the foundations was pumped out. During the last restoration carried out in 2005-2006, the main dome and walls were strengthened, the minaret was rebuilt, and the interior plaster and decorations were redone. In this study we shall make a general re-evaluation of the restoration work undertaken on the 500 year old Ahi Çelebi Mosque. We shall determine to what degree the structural interventions and, in particular, the contemporary interventions have been able to maintain the original materials, shapes, workmanship and period additions, and whether or not these are distinguishable, reversible and suitable to the aesthetics of the whole.

Abstract: Conservation studies in developing countries might have additional problems to those that are being experienced by leading developed countries. The problems and difficulties mentioned here do not reflect the common practice in Turkey and mostly list rare cases for information purposes. Countries located in Asia and Middle East have rich structural heritage, in number and significance, which are sometimes even a few millenniums old. On the other hand, often times financial or bureaucratic constraints make the conservation studies more difficult, while technical problems remain to be an issue. It is quite interesting that sometimes having available financial support for conservation studies turns out to be the main source of problem, since quick and not well thought interventions end up damaging hundreds of years old surviving structures, rather than conserving them. Other most common application problems include use of Portland cement in humid environments causing salt contamination (which is now widely being avoided), infilling and freezing cracks that used to work as seasonal water table movement based motion or thermal expansion joints that are cyclic in nature, covering the structure to protect but forming unintentional green house effect – micro climates forming fungus, improper drainage to cause support settlements, removing earth fill or structural members to cause structural movements and cracks, strengthening parts of a flexible structure only to make it more rigid and cause to attract more earthquake forces, disable its energy dissipating mechanisms, applying improper chemicals, using incompatible material or irreversible techniques etc. are just a few to mention. The problem solution strategies in conservation studies should include internationally accepted conservation rules. Multi disciplinary teams are always recommended since combination of various expertise areas are mutually needed in conservation studies; architects, geotechnical and structural engineers, geology and material science specialists, archeologists, art historians are among the most important team members. Analytical modeling and simulations, on-field non destructive testing, instrumented monitoring (SHM), and small scale field treatment tests are recommended to be merged and used in conservation studies, because conventional methods or commercial repair/treatment materials available over-the-counter may not always suitable for a given specific case. Reversibility, minimum intervention, and respect to authenticity should be among the main principles to avoid serious conservation problems.