Papers by Keyword: Tyre

Abstract: The global growth of discarded end-of-life tires (ELT) is leading to a significant challenge of waste management. Many of these tires are incinerated or exported to countries with less stringent environmental regulations, exacerbating pollution and wasting resources. Until now, the main destinations for recycled rubber have been flooring, rubberized pavements, infill for synthetic turfs and moulded goods. The increasing necessity for the industry to adopt more sustainable products and processes by incorporating recycled materials, needs to be supported by innovative solutions. The present paper introduces a recycled rubber material, characterized by different certified laboratory tests performed to evaluate the mechanical and physical performance of a virgin rubber compound combined with different content levels of rubber powders derived from ELT, and with different particle sizes and production methods. There is extensive research on the ELT management systems and the various methods for recycling rubber from end-of-life tires, but limited studies on the impact of particle size and the influence of content of recycled rubber powders, added in new rubber compounds suited for performance-demanding applications. Based on the laboratory test results and the case study presented in this paper, it was possible to conclude that this recycled material can be incorporated into new rubber compounds, without compromising the performance. Numerous studies examine methods for recycling rubber from end-of-life tires, assessing their progress and limitations. Some focus on well-documented processes such as reclaiming, devulcanization, and surface modification, while others explore long-studied applications like rubberized concrete and rubber-modified asphalt. There is limited available information and published studies on the influence of particle size and content levels of recycled rubber powders that can be incorporated into new rubber compounds, for various applications such as new tires, conveyor belts, gaskets and profiles.

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to show how to reduce the amount of landfilled marble waste/scraps by collecting and re-purposing the marble microfine sawdust, which is produced after the sawing and processing of carbonate dimension stones. Our ultimate goal is to identify alternative uses, rather than landfilling. The current solution so far preferred - landfill - does not fully meet sustainable development criteria. Our reduction strategy is based on a regulatory framework which identifies waste, by-product and end of waste status clearer. After a careful characterization, the marble sawdust can be reused and marketed for industrial applications, that employ micronized calcium carbonate, as a new material. During the first few years of study, the research focused on the construction industry (i.e. concrete – plaster - brick), by assessing the extensive use of marble sludge. The building industry is able to incorporate and reuse waste materials deriving from different industries, although, in this way, such material would be regarded as of poor quality. The current trend is to add high economic value to this waste. Since product specifications for calcium carbonate vary depending on its application, a comparison with the paper - rubber - and tyre calcium carbonate requirements is described herein and, in addition, the final results of the tests carried out on marble sawdust in tyre mixtures are also reported in detail.

Abstract: This paper deals with an FEM simulation of a steel belt of tyres. A belt is a part of a tyre that plays a very important role in all radial tyres especially in case of heavy-duty off-the-road (OTR) ones. It is a composite composed of rubber material and a steel reinforcement. High peak stress inside this composite can initiate cracks, which subsequently lead to a complete tyre failure. In this work, the belt is extracted from the tyre and simulated separately in order to be able to cover individual cords. Belt behaviour under tension is studied and optimal cord distribution is proposed to decrease the risk of the failure. FEM software MSC Marc/Mentat is employed as a calculation tool.

Abstract: This paper deals with an FEM simulation of a multi-purpose tyre. It is focused on the tyre tread pattern lateral stiffness under static conditions. Its behaviour under given radial and lateral loads and its stiffening using connecting bridges are simulated. A tyre is a complex composite composed of different rubber materials and textile or steel reinforcements. Rubber materials are described using hyperelastic models in the analyses. FEM software MSC Marc/Mentat is employed as a calculation tool and its various functionalities are utilized for a description of the tyre models. In the last step, calculated stiffnesses of all the tread patterns were evaluated and compared to each other.

Abstract: As it stands now, rubber has been the main material used in the making of pneumatic vehicle tyres. Speed of the vehicle depends on many factors like steering geometry, inflation pressure, vehicle load, road temperature and environmental conditions. The main aim of this research is to develop a finite element approach and computationally evaluate the performance of a steady-state rolling tyre by changing the tyre tread patterns. The tyre normally composed of rubber and body-ply was investigated with regards to the effect of the inflation pressure. Tyre modeling using six different types of patterns was completed by using Creo parametric 3D modeling software and then the tyre was discretized into small elements through ANSYS R16.2. The rim area of the tyre was fixed and pressure was applied to the inside surface of the rim. Finite element analysis was completed by using ANSYS R16.2 and equivalent stress, contact stress and contact pressure were found out to identify the best tyre pattern. From the final results it was observed that, Pattern-I had good agreement of results as compared to other type of patterns which showed medium frictional stress and contact pressure.

Abstract: The paper deals with the description of a computational model of an ATV vehicle in Simulink software. This computational model is created using the basic elements of own library and represents the main driveline parts for the simulation of longitudinal and lateral vehicle dynamics. The article describes the design and function of the computational model and demonstrates the usage of an ATV model in the NI VeriStand software. It can be simulated on the hardware for real-time testing. A simulation of drive is then done to verify the functionality of the assembled model.

Abstract: About tyre vibration sound issues, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted a lot of researches. Existing research results show that: the road texture and tyre tread have a significant effect on the tyre/road noise. Since the road surface texture and tyre tread pattern have impact on the tyre noise, whether the coupling relationship of road surface texture and tyre tread pattern has influence on noise In this paper, from coupling viewpoint of road surface texture and tyre tread pattern, road surface texture and tread pattern of geometric morphology were calculated by digital gray level images fractal dimension and discretized into finite element model, then the vertical contact force within contact surface of tyre and pavement, which is exciting force in tyre vibration model, last numerical calculation of evaluating noise from vibrating tyre was completed by tyres vibration model and basic principle of boundary element method for calculating sound field.

Abstract: In the article the principle of measuring of tyre/road rolling resistance tyres in road conditions applied in a special measuring trailer is presented. This trailer was built in Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Gdansk University of Technology. The construction of two special devices used in this trailer was discussed. These devices eliminate the influence of some chosen confounding measurements factors such as: the inertia force acting on the measuring arm with the wheel and the tested tyre and vibrations of the measuring arm. The operation of these devices was proven in practice. The conclusions arising from the use of these systems are described.

Abstract: In the article the ways of defining tyre rolling resistance are presented. The advantages of the laboratory tests of tyre/road rolling resistance and the advantages and the disadvantages of on the road tyre/road rolling resistance tests are described. The description of the special trailer used for tyre/road rolling resistance measurements designed and constructed in Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Gdansk University of Technology is presented also. The trailer during it’s modernisation was equipped with special test systems which compensate the impact of disturbance factors such as: aerodynamic drag and inertia force acting on the tested tyre, slope of the road, tilt of the trailer and vibrations of the measuring arm. This article contains the description of only one compensation system applied in the measuring trailer which eliminates the aerodynamic drag. The conclusions which came from the measurements performed using this compensation test system are included.

Abstract: The pressure function method being different from traditional (experienced) design method. Natural balance outline design method is a tyre structure design method. Based on mathematics and mechanics reasonings, the structure and shape of the tyre were controlled by pressure function and then the structure design was further achieved. The mathematic-physical equations of the pressure function method were established. According to numerical calculation, the reasonable structure of tyre and the prediction of tyre-inflated shape could be accomplished. The pressure function method can reduce the cost and improve the design efficiency.