Papers by Keyword: Water

Abstract: A prototype drainage lysimeter system was designed and constructed for educational objectives, focusing on the principles of drainage and irrigation systems. The fabrication was carried out at the Engineering Section of the Farm Mechanization Unit within the Agricultural Technology Department at the Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology in New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria. The drainage lysimeters were made from 4.8-mm waterproof plywood, measuring 0.80 x 0.45 x 0.50 m, with an internal area of 0.18 m². A lysimeter filled solely with moist soil weighed 1,010.27 kg. This prototype was utilized in practical classes to instruct students on assessing water infiltration rates, evapotranspiration, water quality, and crop water usage. Evaluation results indicated that students successfully grasped the operational principles of the drainage lysimeter system.

Abstract: This study investigates the calco-carbonic balance of drinking water in Taza, Morocco, a critical parameter for ensuring water quality and preserving distribution infrastructure. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) with Statistica 12, we examine the interactions between the physicochemical parameters and the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI). The study highlights the difficulty of factors influencing this balance, which is crucial for preventing scaling. Scaling can lead to reduced water flow, decreased energy efficiency, increased maintenance costs, premature equipment wear, and deterioration of water quality. The results identify the parameters impacting this balance, including temperature, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, and pH. PCA enabled us to extract valuable insights from physicochemical analyses, revealing significant correlations between these parameters and suggesting optimization strategies.The predictive model for the Langelier Saturation Index, with a determination coefficient (R² = 0.925) and a standard error (σerr = 0.07), provides a valuable tool for expecting and correcting imbalances, therefore ensuring better management of drinking water quality in Taza.

Abstract: The construction, operating principles, and Li-ion battery thermal runaway mechanisms were analyzed. The external mechanical damage to a Li-ion battery with the uncontrolled thermal runaway development was investigated. The battery self-heating temperature regime was determined. A possible reactions set leading to intense materials self-heating and decomposition was considered. The battery self-heating stopping by immersing it in a container with a water excess relative to the stoichiometric amount for the lithium metal maximum mass that can accumulate was investigated. The change in resulting aqueous solution pH was measured, and the hydrogen release was also recorded. Reaction completion time dependences was established. The water required amount to absorb the heat that could be released during the reaction was calculated, which correlated with the experimental data. Possible measures to Li-ion batteries prevent and stop the burning were considered.

Abstract: In this study, a single-cell, zero-gap, unipolar alkaline water electrolyzer which operates on a 30 wt.% KOH electrolyte solution was developed for production of hydrogen. Suitable material properties such as density, toughness, electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistivity were evaluated in Ansys Granta 2019 with the aid of material property charts; and thermal and stress simulations of the modelled components performed using Autodesk Inventor Nastran 2019. A DC power source supplied voltages below 3.0 V across the nickel electrodes, maintaining an operating temperature of 50 °C, and operating pressure at 0.1 MPa. The electrolytic process produced hydrogen and oxygen gases at the electrodes, and the membrane performed the gas separation. Polytetrafluoroethylene plastic was experimentally found to be a superior and more suitable material for the electrolyzer endplates and spacers to polypropylene plastic. Polypropylene nonwoven geotextile fabric was also found to be a low-cost and efficient membrane material, against Zirfon Perl UTP 500 membrane which is an efficient but expensive industrial membrane; polyester geotextile fabric got corroded after about 24 hours of good service. The optimal performance of the electrolyzer cell was obtained at a cell voltage of 2.2 V and a current of 1.30 A, while producing 14 ml of hydrogen gas per minute. This performance gave an electrolysis efficiency of 55.6%, an energy efficiency of 67.3%, and a hydrogen production efficiency of 75.4%. The produced hydrogen and oxygen gases generated electrical energy in a reversible PEM fuel cell device which powered a 0.2 W DC electric motor for a minute.

Abstract: This research explores water users’ perceptions regarding access, quantity, quality and water treatments in urban area of Yogyakarta and Hanoi. This research’s approach is qualitative and descriptive. The case studied was in the City of Yogyakarta, Indonesia and Hanoi Vietnam. Subjects were chosen using snowballing techniques. The result showed there was similar perceptions among respondents in both cities, in terms of access, quantity, and quality of water. All respondents decribed that they have adequate access to water supply, whether provided by the water company or derived from dug well. Repondents’s perceptions showed a degree of satisfaction with the quantity of water but a slight concern of quality.

Abstract: Water is one of the basic needs that must be fulfilled by living things, especially humans, starting from daily activities such as cooking, washing, and so on. It is possible that the water source has been contaminated with other contaminants. Various methods are used to obtain proper water, one of which is the solar distillation method. Solar distillation is a method of purifying water that has not been widely used due to its low productivity. Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO) were chosen as the material to be added to the black paint on the bottom of the distillation basin, this was done to increase its productivity. Experiments were carried out with concentrations of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles by weight of 10%, 15%, and 20%. It was found that adding nanoparticles to the paint increased the heat transfer rate and water temperature. The results obtained showed that CuO nanoparticles increased efficiency by 6.66%, 16.91% and 27.93% compared to conventional distillation apparatus at concentrations of heavy fractions of 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. From this modification of the tool, the highest condensate mass was obtained at the concentration of the heavy fraction of 20% CuO nanoparticles with an average of 806 ml/day, while the other variations obtained an average condensate mass of 512 ml/day and 655 ml/day at the concentration of the heavy fraction respectively. 10% and 15% respectively.

Abstract: This work aims at comparing the mechanical properties of Rice-Husk-Ash-Cement (RHA) concrete produced from magnetized water and normal water. Cement was replaced with 25% RHA being the optimum value from previous research. Water was magnetized by a magnetic device fabricated by the research team and level of magnetization was determined using magnetic field sensor application. The chemical composition of RHA shows that it contained 89.42% of oxides to be used as a pozzolan. Magnetization reduced total dissolved solid, total soluble solid, chloride content and surface tension while pH increased. The workability of magnetized and normal water concrete samples was determined. It was magnetized water concrete samples that gave higher workability than normal water concrete. Compressive, Flexural and Split tensile strengths of magnetized and normal water concrete were determined at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of curing by immersion in portable water. Magnetization shown higher influence on early strengths of concrete. Compressive, Flexural and Split tensile strengths of concrete improved between 13.25%-18.63%, 14.83%-18.02% and 9.80%-31.63%, respectively when magnetized water was introduced during concrete production. STATA package was used to analysis the data. The descriptive statistics show that mean, standard deviation error and standard deviation for concrete produced with magnetized water were all higher than that of concrete produced with normal water for all properties tested. However, inferential statistics show that there is no significant difference in the mean compressive, flexural and tensile strengths of concrete produced with magnetized water and normal water since P-value obtained was higher than the error margin of 0.05(P>0.05) for all the tested properties of concrete.

Abstract: It was determined that the active component of modern concrete is water. Water has a variable structure, the type of which depends on the temperature at which the water was processed. The use of water in the production of concrete, which has a certain changed structure, allows influencing the rheological properties of concrete mixtures and modifying the structure of cement stone in such a way as to give concrete properties that ensure high operational reliability of structures. However, this method of increasing the strength of concrete has certain disadvantages that prevent its wide application. The purpose of the research is to determine the effect of a mixture of water of different structure on the strength of fine-grained concrete and the speed of its formation.

Abstract: One of the main active components of modern concrete is water. Water has a variable structure, the type of which depends on the water treatment technology. The use of water in the production of concrete, which has a changed structure as a result of the action of certain substances, allows influencing the rheological properties of concrete mixtures and modifying the structure of cement stone in such a way as to give concrete properties that ensure high operational reliability of structures. However, this method of increasing the strength of concrete has certain disadvantages that prevent its wide application. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of the type of plasticizers used for water activation on the speed of structure formation and the strength of fine-grained concrete.

Abstract: This article focuses on the moister sorption by laminated composites. Moisture sorption was carried out on layered polymer composite materials consisting of layers of basalt fabric and fiberglass based on epoxy-diane resin. It is shown that the process of moisture absorption for glass fiber-reinforced polymers is more intense and with a higher concentration of moisture in comparison with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer. Curves of the sorption processes of moisture absorption and water absorption are obtained. The diffusion coefficients for the corresponding processes are calculated. Alteration in the surface structure of polymer composite materials were recorded using surface topography and REM images before and after exposure in the climate of Yakutsk (Russia).