Papers by Keyword: Water Content

Abstract: Pectin is a water-soluble fiber that can increase the fiber content of cookies. The pectin used comes from cocoa pod husk extract which was previously only used as animal feed and became waste. This research aims to utilize the content of cocoa pod husks in the form of pectin as a food additive applied to cookies. This research uses quantitative analysis with the help of SPSS on the physical and chemical properties of cookies and their digestibility. Extraction was carried out with 5% (w/v) citric acid solvent for 5 hours at a temperature of 95°C. The extract obtained was analyzed using FTIR and the spectrum was compared with pure pectin used to IPPA (International Pectin Producer Association). Cocoa pod husk pectin extract has the same functional groups as pure pectin. The product, cookies with pectin substitution were tested for physical properties (color, texture), chemical properties (water content, crude fiber content) and digestibility. This study obtained results that the water content, color, texture, crude fiber content, and digestibility of cookies with pectin substitution were different from cookies without pectin. Pectin substitution in cookies was varied at 1, 4 and 7% (w/w) then compared with the control. The effect of pectin is known from the highest water content (6.01%), hard texture (79.57 g/mm), the highest crude fiber content (60.39%) and decreased digestibility (15.44 g/100 mg) at a variation of 7%. Pectin did not affect the color of cookies with no significant differences shown.

Abstract: – The research on CPO as an insulator to replace mineral oil. The CPO was heated using vacuum distillation technology. The parameters used are the temperature of 110°C to 170°C with the difference of 10°C and the vacuum pressure of 0 mmHg to-600 mmHg with the difference of 200 mmHg. The highest breakdown voltage measurement of 49 kV (170°C-600 mmHg), the lowest viscosity is 20 mPas (170°C-600 mmHg), the lowest water content was obtained at 30 (160°C-400 mmHg). The vacuum pressure and temperature rise causes the high breakdown voltage and viscosity are high and the water content is low. The relationship between vacuum pressure and breakdown voltage is y = 5.8 x + 7 with R² of 0.9397, the viscosity is y = -2x + 35.67 with R² of 0.9231 and the water content is y=-7.25x2 + 22.95x + 106.75 with R² of 0.9945.

Abstract: This paper studies the characteristics of white powder generation on the buffer layer of cables under the influence of humidity and pressure. After testing, the presence of white powder in the buffer layer leads to an increase in the volume resistivity (higher than the area without white powder). The denser the white powder, the more the volume resistivity rises. The current density and surface temperature is simulated in COMSOL and observed the process of white powder generation. The volume resistivity is also measured using an electrochemical impedance spectrometer with different contents of white powder in buffer layer. The test results show that the electrochemical corrosion increase on buffer layer under high water contents in the presence of large current density. The experimental results show that when the water content of the buffer layer is 2 mL, the formation rate of white powder is the fastest; when the pressure of the buffer layer in the range of 998.2 N/m²~9982 N/m², the formation rate of white powder increases first, then decreases, and finally tends to be saturated; The main component of white powder is aluminum oxide, which is formed by chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion of aluminum, carbon black, sodium polyacrylate, water and etc.

Abstract: This study focus on the effects of both water content and cement stabilization on the fire behavior of earth bricks. To observe the effect of cement stabilization, two materials are formulated: raw earth with only soil and water, and stabilized bricks with soil, water and cement (3.5% by mass of soil). Since the material’s mechanical strength can strongly influence its fire behavior, the raw bricks were compacted at 50 MPa to reach a compressive strength similar to the one of stabilized bricks. Four different water contents were tested; dry state obtained with oven drying and three others achieved through equalization at 50%, 75% and 100% of relative humidities. Bricks are then subjected to an ISO 834-1 standard fire. Results show that water content has caused a thermal instability behavior on the raw earth bricks after equalization at 50% and 75% relative humidities. Thermally stable bricks displayed a noticeable diffusion of cracks on their heated face. Furthermore, cement stabilization helps to prevent from thermal instabilities.

Abstract: In order to study the influence of water content and hydration degree on the thermal conductivity of concrete, based on the steady-state plate method, the influence of water content, temperature, hydration degree and other factors on the thermal conductivity of early concrete was studied, and the calculation model of thermal conductivity of early concrete was established according to the test results and influence rules. The results show that there is a linear relationship between the thermal conductivity and water content at 28d, the higher the hydration degree is, the lower the thermal conductivity of concrete is; the difference between the measured value and the calculated model value is small, and the calculation formula can meet the requirements of engineering calculation.

Abstract: Given that the quality of water supplied to hot water supply systems must meet drinking water requirements, it is also important that the water preparation process is of great importance. The quality of that water is also important in terms of preventing the formation of heat in hot water systems. It is known that the main cause of the formation of water is the presence of calcium and magnesium cations and bicarbonate and sulfate anions in water. The traditional methods for preventing the limescale include the combination of calcium and magnesium cations from the water and replacing them with cations that are not easy to resolve at high temperatures. The quality of water treated by these methods does not meet drinking water requirements. Taking these into account, the Cl-anionizationprocess of drinking water has been developed in high-tech anionite technology. According to this technology, the first water from the city water gridis processed through anionite and activated carbon filters, which are mechanically charged with high anionite. The treated water is then cleaned out of microbes and bacteria through the ultraviolet disinfection equipment and delivered to the operator according to the quality requirements for drinking water. In the chlorine-anionization process, most of the sulfate and bicarbonate anions in water change to chlorine anions and their solidity remains constant. Thus, the density of the limescale-forming anions in the water decreases sharply and it meets the quality indicators of drinking water. High-grade anionite in the filter (8÷12) is regenerated by NaCl solution. The filtration rate of the solution from the anionite is determined depending on the concentration of calcium cations contained in the salt given for regeneration. Regeneration mode is such that the CaCO3 combination does not crumble when the anionite layer is formed. It is known that the temperature of the heated water in the hot water supply system does not exceed (60÷70)°C. In this case, the decomposition of limescale at Hc<2 mg-eq/l (carbonate hardness) is not observed. As carbonate hardness increases to 4 mg/l, the thin layer in the system shows a collapse. The basic element of the proposed technological schemeCl-anionite filter was applied at ADA University in Baku and positive results were obtained. Early observed collapse of pipes has been prevented and the working regime of hot water heaters has improved. A high-performance anionite such as A200EMBCl, which is a major ingredient of the UK's Purelite, and then the Russian-made AB-17-8 high-anionite anions have been used on the device.

Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of glass fiber reinforcement on the shear strength properties of the sand clay mixture. The soil samples were prepared by mixing 50% of locally available Barak river sand with 50% of local clay soil. Triaxial tests were conducted on the soil samples containing five different percentage of fiber to know the effect of fiber content on the shear strength of the soil. Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Triaxial tests were conducted under three different confining pressures for each sample. Samples were prepared with five different values of moisture content considering 2% less than OMC (Optimum Moisture Content), 1% less than OMC, OMC, 1% more than OMC, and 2% more than OMC to study the effect of water content (w) on behavior of fiber reinforced soil. A parametric study has been carried out in this paper to know the effect of different influencing parameters on the cohesion value and angle of internal friction. The results show that the failure stress and angle of internal friction increase with increase in fiber content up to an optimum value then decrease. On the other hand, the cohesion value increases consistently with increase in fiber content. The study also indicates that the peak deviator stress, angle of internal friction and cohesion values increase with increase in water content up to an optimum value which is less than OMC then decrease with further increase in water content.

Abstract: The buried environment of cross-linked polyethylene (XPLE) cable is relatively severe, and some ones are even immersed in water directly. In this paper, an XLPE cable was soaked in foul water to simulate the cable’s actual water area environment, lasting for three years. The water content in the insulation layers of water-soaked cable was measured by infrared spectrometer and moisture analyzer, and the crystal morphology and physicochemical properties of the insulation layers were investigated by differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile testing technology. The results showed that a small amount of water did enter into the cable insulation owing to the increasing of hydroxyl (-OH) content, and followed being verified by moisture analyzer. The degree of crystallinity of water-soaked cable insulating material is also increased, and the mechanical properties were deteriorated.

Abstract: The scenario of a severe accident in the containment building of a nuclear plant results in an increase in pressure, temperature and relative humidity that can reach respectively 5 bars, 140 °C and the saturation of water vapour. As well as the regulatory calculations, accurate knowledge of the thermal and mechanical behaviour of materials and more specifically of concrete is required to carry out more precise numerical simulations. Our study aims to investigate the mechanical behaviour of concrete under homogeneous conditions of moisture and temperature. An experimental apparatus was designed in order to assess the evolutions of the fracture energy of concrete. Different temperature levels up to a maximum of 110 °C and at different values of the controlled moisture content were investigated. The equipment was used to perform DCT (Disk-shape Compact Tension) tests at 30, 90 and 110 °C. Five levels of degree of liquid water saturation (S_w) were investigated for each temperature level.

Abstract: In order to study the effect of water content, degree of compaction and stress state on bearing capacity of subgrade, the engineering compacted clayey soil was taken as the subject investigated, regulation of compressive strength changing with water content, degree of compaction and confining pressure were analyzed through triaxial compression test, and function relationships between compressive strength and water content, degree of compaction and stress state were fitted based on the test data. Results show that effects of water content, degree of compaction and confining pressure on compressive strength properties of subgrade compacted clayey soil are all remarkably. The compressive strength decreases according to a quadratic function with the increase of water content, as well as increases in accordance with a quadratic function with the increase of the degree of compaction, and increases linearly with the increase of confining pressure. Improving the construction compaction standard properly, adopting the essential lateral confinement measure and keeping a lower water content of the subgrade in service can improve the bearing capacity and stability of the highway subgrade.