Papers by Keyword: Water Filtration

Abstract: Chromium ions and other heavy metals discarded from major industries, if left unchecked, will make their way into waterways and may contaminate food crops, which can cause various chronic and acute health problems. As such, the Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI) developed radiation-grafted wastewater filters that selectively collect trivalent chromium ions from wastewater. To house these filters with the appropriate flow characteristics, column enclosures suitable for rapid prototyping via additive manufacturing, were designed and simulated. The column has two main components: the main chamber, which houses the filter; and an inner core, where the filter fabric is wound, and which evenly distributes the water flow along its length. Different core slit configurations were presented, giving emphasis on the flow uniformity, with the aim of maximizing the filter life.

Abstract: Activated carbon fiber has excellent structural characteristics and adsorption performance. It can effectively adsorb various inorganic and organic compounds and has good regeneration performance. Therefore, it is widely used in the market. To study the advantages of activated carbon fiber in purifying water resources, this research use application of activated carbon fiber material in purification and filtration of water filter, and the test of adsorption and filtration effect of different host materials are described. The main body and influencing factors of filtering effect are obtained. In this research, the viscose-based activated carbon fiber mats and acrylic-based activated carbon fabrics are the main research subjects, and other materials were added for coating composite research. Through a comparative study of the two materials, it has been found that carbon fiber has many advantages, such as is more economical, practical, convenient, low cost, and cost-effective, and is worthy of promotion in industry and daily life using.

Abstract: Hybrid composite for drinking water filter aids were prepared by slip casting method. The slip was prepared from the mixture of 17.41% of zeolite Na-A, 17.41% of activated carbon, 0.35% of ZnO nanoparticles, 8.7% of phenolic resin, 0.54% carboxymethyl cellulose and 55.59% of reversed osmosis water. The slip was mixed in a high speed ball mill for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes and was then poured into plaster molds for 3 hours in order to maintain hollow casting. The green body was dried and fired at several of firing temperature of 600, 650, 700 and 750 °C. The major characteristics of the composite filter were characterized as: mechanical strength, morphology, pore diameter and ion exchange ability by three points bending, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimetry and inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), respectively.

Abstract: A well-defined porous ceramic having effective pore size less than 1 µm was fabricated by slip casting technique which provides a low-cost and single-stage filtration process. This single-stage filtration process removed suspended solids and pathogenic organism. In this study, diatomaceous earth was used as pore forming agent in clay based ceramic body. Varied amount of diatomaceous earth was used with fixed proportion of china clay, ball clay and lime stone. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) was used to determine the composition of raw materials and final sintered filter body. In terms of porosity and flow rate, 25% diatomaceous earth shows better filtration property. It was found that total porosity increased with decreasing milling time. As the firing temperature increased, porosity decreased rapidly after 1100 °C. However, the change of porosity in firing range of 1000 °C–1100 °C was found very small. Mercury intrusion porosimetry was used to measure the pore size and its distribution. An effective intra-particle pores in a range of 0.2-0.5 μm was identified. Inter- and intra-particle pores were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Microbial removalefficiency of 99.99% was measured, while water flow rate was found in a range of 200-700 ml/hour.

Abstract: Sayong ball clay membrane can be fabricated without the assistance of high-tech sophisticated machineries and complicated production methods make the filters particularly attractive as a point-of-use treatment. This work was concerned with the study of Sayong ball clay membrane as a water filtration by Gel Cast technique. Gel cast involves mixing process of Sayong ball clay with the solvent, monomer, dispersant, initiator and catalyst in a certain composition Tubular membrane was designed and fabricated by controlling the Gel Cast monomer (5, 10, 15, 20 MAM percentage) at sintering temperature of 1300°C. The physical measurements (shrinkage, apparent porosity, bulk density), microstructure analysis, filtration process (flow rate) and water quality assessments (pH, color, COD, SS) were carried out at different percentage of MAM. The porosity and density of membranes were measured by using Archimedes method. The effect of monomer percentage on microstructure of the membranes has been investigated using FESEM. The experimental results showed that the apparent porosity and bulk density of Sayong Ball Clay Gel Cast with 5% MAM and sintered at temperature of 1300°C for 20 minutes were 15.39% and 1.87 g/cm3, respectively. It gives improvement in water quality with the lowest suspended solid (192 mg/L), lowest COD (4 mg/L) and most colorless (1.1 Gardner units) filtered wastewater as compared to others.

Abstract: The fabrication of low cost ceramic membranes for microfiltration were studied by using a natural materials (shirasu balloon) which are produced from glassy volcanic materials. The shirasu powder was formed into cylindrical shaped membranes and sintered at five different temperatures from 600 °C to 800 °C using spark plasma sintering (SPS). The porosity and density of membranes were measured according to Archimedes method. The effect of sintering temperatures on microstructure and phase of the membranes has been investigated using FESEM and XRD. A filtration experiment was carried out to study the membrane performance for waste water filtration. The quality of the filtered water was determined by analyse the pH, turbidity, suspended solid, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). The porosity reduced from 48.9% to 40.32% while the membrane density increased from 1.15 g/cm3 to 1.33 g/cm3 with increasing sintering temperatures from 600 °C to 800 °C. A little shrinkage occur during spark plasma sintering process. From the FESEM microstrcture, the maximum pore size of the membrane that has been observed at 600 °C is about 4.7 µm. Shirasu membrane are able to produce clean and clear treated water during the microfiltration test with membrane sintered at 800 °C and there is an improvement in quality of water that has been filtered. The ceramic water filter was successfully produced without the involvement of the high-tech, sophisticated machines and methods as well as complex materials

Abstract: Sayong ball clay membrane can be fabricated as a cheap membrane material and available commonly at Malaysia. This work was concerned with the study of Sayong ball clay membrane as a water filtration by gel casting technique. Gel casting involves mixing process of Sayong ball clay with the solvent, monomer, dispersant, initiator and catalyst in a certain composition. Tubular membrane was fabricated by controlling the sintering temperature (1000, 1100, 1200, 1300°C). The physical measurements (shrinkage, apparent porosity, and bulk density), microstructure analysis, filtration process (flow rate) and water quality assessments (pH, color, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), solid suspended (SS)) were carried out at different sintering temperature. Apparent porosity and bulk density of the samples were measured by using Archimedes method. The effect of sintering temperature on microstructure of the membranes has been investigated using SEM. The experimental results showed that the shrinkage and bulk density increase with increasing sintering temperature. It gives the improvement in water quality with the lowest SS (192 mg/L), lowest COD (4 mg/L) and most colorless (1.1 Gardner units) filtered wastewater as compared to others.

Abstract: This study shows a possibility of using municipal sewage sludge after thermal treatment in the production of a filtering material to water treatment. Due to the fast urbanization and implementation of high standards for effluent in many countries in recent years, the sewage sludge is being produced in an ever increasing amount. Therefore, the use of sludge is a suitable solution for the expected large quantity of sludge. Dehydration of sludge was performed by controlled heating at temperatures of 1100°C, 850°C, 650°C, 350°C for 3 hours. After thermal treatment the sludge was characterized by X-ray fluorescence, TG/DTG/DTA, residue solubilization and residue lixiviation tests. The aim of the present work was to observe, thought the characterization techniques, if the treated sewage sludge is or not adequate to be used as filter material to water treatment. It will be verified which treatment temperature of the sludge offer possibility to its use in water treatment without carrying pollutants in concentrations out of the standards.

Abstract: This paper presents experimental results following a feasibility study into the uses of textiles for water filtration and purification. This project emanated from another project called ‘Aquapol’ [1], sponsored by the EU [2], which looked at reduction of infant diseases by the use of clean filtered water. Due to the high cost and maintenance of manufactured filters used in the Aquapol project, it was decided to look at the traditional methods used locally and try and design a water filter made from simple non expensive materials. Various textile materials have been tested for water filtration particulate dealing with the simulation of traditional materials used in Africa and Asia (Like Shesh in North Africa and Sari in India). Some ‘modern’ materials (like Denim, curtain shower) have also been tested to see if their filtration capability is better or worst than the traditional ones. The results obtained showed that textiles were very efficient in reducing particles size transportation and could be used for filtering and pre-filtering. However, storage conditions and basic hygiene are still the most important factors for disease reduction