Papers by Keyword: Water Supply

Abstract: The study investigates urban water security in Chanchaga Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria, focusing on how household socioeconomic factors influence water accessibility and management. Using both laboratory analyses and structured surveys, the research found that water sources in the area exhibit poor quality, with turbidity, sulfate, nitrate, lead, and cadmium levels exceeding WHO and NSDWQ standards, posing health risks. Survey results from 250 respondents showed that most are young (58% under 30 years), male (75.6%), and educated, yet 82% experience limited water access despite 74% depending on boreholes. A regression analysis (R=0.758, R²=0.534) confirmed that demographic variables significantly affect willingness to pay for improved water services. The study concludes that urgent policy action and infrastructure investment are needed to enhance water quality, distribution, and accessibility in Chanchaga and similar urban areas.

Abstract: The article presents the results of a study of the physical and mechanical properties of a biopolymer gravel composite made on the basis of polylactide (PLA) and natural gravel. The developed composite is intended for filtration elements of hydrogeological wells. The biopolymer-gravel composite was tested for compressive strength. The results showed that the biopolymer gravel composite is characterized by sufficient mechanical strength and resistance to the effects of the aquatic environment, which confirms the feasibility of its use as an environmentally safe material for filtration elements of hydrogeological wells. The obtained data can be used for further optimization of the composition of the composite material and the development of new biopolymer block gravel filters of hydrogeological wells.

Abstract: Diversification of the water volume has a particularly positive role in crisis situations related to water supply in urban and industrial areas. The function of water supply tanks is to compensate water supply for a settlement unit in a daily cycle, stabilizing the pressure in the supply area. In crisis situations, tanks capacity is used for the purposes of fire. A new function is the use of stored water as an emergency source of water supply during failure. Water supply network tanks act as reserves for various types of undesirable events. The previous methods of analysis and risk assessment in water supply systems did not include directly the assessment of volume diversification in a given number of water supply network tanks. For this purpose the Shannon-Wiener index, as well as the author’s index, based on the polynomial function, were proposed. These indices enable to perform an objective assessment of the water volume diversification degree ​​​and comparing the various subsystems of collecting water on the example of seven water supply system in the south of Poland. Perspectives for the development of research direction, that is safety management, is a challenge for both theoreticians and practitioners working in the water supply companies.

Abstract: This paper investigated to what extend risk analyses may play its role in the development of feasibility study of Riau regional water supply projects (regional SPAM). This SPAM services coverage area may cover 4 (four) regions in Riau province such as; Rokan Hulu regency, Rokan Hilir, Bengkalis and Dumai. The capacity of this SPAM is 500 l/second. Total financing required for development of this SPAM was approximately Rp. 344 billion. Project finance will be obtained from budget sharing scheme from APBN (Rp. 140 billion or 41%), APBD (Rp. 62 billion or 18%), and the private sector (Rp. 141 billion or 41%). Three stages of risk analyses have been applied in this paper, such as; (i) risk identification, (ii) risk assessment, and (iii) risk mitigation. Based on the simulation result, it was identified that the initial project NPV was in the rage of-Rp. 6.68 billion up to Rp. 18.01 billion. The mean value of the projected NPV was Rp. 6.27 billion. This project is considered to be risky to proceed, as there is 90% probability the projected NPV < Rp. 0. After risk mitigation procedure will be applied, there is a mean value of the project NPV is Rp. 9.9 billion (increase by 30% from the initial NPV). Four significant risk variables affected NPV performance are identified as follow; (i) engineering cost for constructing water treatment plant and facilities, (ii) cost of pipelines installation and accessories, (ii) electricity costs, and (iv) chemical cost expenditure. A reduction of technical uncertainties including design changes; redundant of engineering risk costs, introduction of energy efficient technology during project operation may reduce electricity and chemical costs. Hence, based on the simulation results, it is confirmed that, the risk analyses procedure may improve regional SPAM regional technical and economy performances (e.i. NPV parameters).

Abstract: This paper proposes a vertical assembled sprayer for supplying water and liquid fertilizer. This proposed sprayer consists of both iron structure and hardware modules, including a microcon-troller, LCD, keypad, batteries, nozzles, and diaphragm pumps. The height of this proposed sprayer ranges from 1.5 to 4.5 meters so as to be adjusted by a user. The water quantity and the nozzle numbers can be specified by a user’s demand. Moreover, either manual or automatic operations can also be selected by a user. The experimental results have been shown that the average spraying times for using 1 - 4 nozzles are equal to 95.2 sec, 48.41 sec, 32.3 sec, and 24.5 sec, respectively. Moreover, the average spraying times from the experiments are close to the calculated spraying time of microcontroller where the errors are less than 2%.

Abstract: Combined with author's rich construction experience in water supply and sewerage works, analyzes and explores the background of energy-saving materials in water supply and sewerage works, dissects the situation of China's current energy-saving materials applied to the water supply and sewerage works, and forecasts the direction of the future development of new energy-saving materials.

Abstract: In the article represented specificity`s price formation process strength of technical activity hydro social cycle in the Republic of Armenia.Analysis of drinking water consumption is done with respect to three groups: standpoint of interest domestic farms, especially in industry and farmers.Industry included all subjects of services and products maker in economy, which is not included in domestic farms or agriculture fields. Appear from industry field include for example: nitrogenous factory, power generation company, banks holding, railways, hospitals and the others.Drinking water supply and waste water derivations services have six important technical directions in hydro social cycle: water intake, drinking water conditioning, drinking water distribution, waste water collecting, waste water reconditioning and derivations:Here are calculated unit cost, overhead and cross costs for each process fabrication, and corresponding its we create hypothetical named average unit cost, as well as average overhead and cross costs.In the article we analyse, that we can improve water supply options in the domestic farms, industry and agriculture fields.

Abstract: We have developed a low-noise drainage system, which was installed in bathrooms of apartment building units as well as in a mock-up test building, to evaluate the noise level in order to reduce the noise produced in the bathrooms of multiunit dwellings. The drainage system installed in the mock-up building consists of six types of detachable drains, and the level of noise produced during toilet use in the upper unit was measured in the lower unit. The measurement results showed that low-noise drainage 4 exhibited the L_eq (equivalent continuous sound level) at 34.7 dB(A). The noise measurement results of various types of low-noise drains installed in an apartment building showed that the L_eq during toilet use was 46.7 dB(A) on average, and the L_eq during sink use was 40.5 dB(A) on average.

Abstract: This article designs one constant pressure water supply system based on PLC. In this system, PLC and frequency converter is the main control system. Moreover, the water-supply system with a variable frequency and constant pressure is based on PCL and combines with water supply pump, pressure gage and other equipment. Water supply system realizes the water supply of constant pressure and variable flow.

Abstract: Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe (PCCP) consists of a steel cylinder lined with concrete, then helically wrapped with a wire and coated with a dense mortar. PCCP has excellent structural properties, so it is widely used in various water-transportation projects around world. This paper presents a review of development of PCCP in China, which was summarized as three stages: the period of exploratory development, the period of cooperative development, and the period of independent development. The development process of design and production technique, the application in China, the construction and development prospect of PCCP were made a detailed discussion in each stage.