Papers by Keyword: Wax

Abstract: Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) is a multi-functional plant which is spread widely over the coast of Indonesia. Its seed produces a high content of oil, but its utilization is still limited. It is because C. inophyllum seed oil contains toxic compounds. Therefore, C. inophyllum seed oil has been used as a biodiesel raw material for many years. It was reported that C. inophyllum seed oil contains wax, but its percentage remains unknown. Wax has been used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foods, and coatings industries as oil binder, water repellent, scratch resistance, and dispersion medium. In this work, wax was separated from C. inophyllum seed oil by solvent crystallization with and without separating non-polar lipid fraction (NPLF) from crude oil. Non-polar lipid fraction was separated by batch-wise solvent extraction using petroleum ether to methanol mass ratio of 3:1 (w/w) for eight stages. After eight stages, non-polar lipid fraction was collected for further separation by solvent crystallization method. The ratios of non-polar lipid fraction to acetone were 1:10, 1:20, and 1:40 (w/v). Then, the isolated wax was analyzed by gas chromatography. It was found that wax (purity of 40% and yield of 0.35%) was successfully isolated by separating non-polar lipid fraction from crude oil (batch wise solvent extraction for eight stages) and followed by solvent crystallization (non-polar lipid fraction to acetone ratio of 1:40 (w/v)).

Abstract: The paper introduces a new 3D wax printer, including its technical proposal, integral structure and control system. The raw material of this 3D printer is a mixture which is composed by wax, cyclohexane and alcohol. Raw material is transmitted to nozzle by a transmission device. The raw material which is squeezed out from nozzle deposits into product on the working platform. The paper also introduces the motion control of motor which is the hardcore of control system.

Abstract: Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) has undergone development of various binder systems with the aims of shortening the overall debinding time duration. In the present work, binder system based on biopolymer has been utilised in injection moulding of hip stem CoCrMo alloy powder. The feedstock consisted of CoCrMo powder with mean diameter particle size of 16μm and binder system which comprised of major fraction of wax and minor fraction of polyethylene. The moulded part was immersed into n-heptane at 60°C in order to remove the paraffin wax and stearic acid, followed by sintering in a controlled vacuum atmosphere. Results showed that solvent extraction debinding technique allowed complete removal of paraffin wax and stearic acid from the injection moulded part within 5 hours without swelling or distortion of the debound part. Lower heating rate needed during thermal pyrolysis in order to retain the shape due to the thickness of the part.Keywords: CoCrMo, MIM, wax, debinding,

Abstract: Microwell plates are widely used in various cell-based assay and drug screening. Usually these plates are made from non-biodegradable materials such as polystyrene or polyethylene. In this report, we propose the use of wax-impregnated cotton fabrics as an alternative microwell plate that is easy to fabricate, simple to use, sustainable and environmentally friendlier. Several researchers recently used soft lithography and photolithography technique to fabricate various cell culture platforms. Our proposed method consists instead of simple dipping and drying process. The platform is made of a series of fabrics being stacked and held together with various wax formulations. With the exception of the base layer, each fabric layer has a circular hole opening with increasing diameter towards the top layer; thereby forming a well where cells are cultured at its flat bottom. We characterized the chemical and physical properties of the platform surface which affect cells attachment and proliferation. These properties include the surface chemistry, hydrophobicity and roughness. We cultured human skin fibroblast (HSF 1184 Cell Line) on the platform as our preliminary proof of concept. We observed proliferation of the cells after 24 hours. The result indicates the potential use of the platform for future cell-based assay applications.

Abstract: For the net shape forming of composite products with structure of SB/CF-EP (steel backing/carbon fabric reinforced epoxy) lining, the demolding is difficult. Aiming to net shape forming of transmission screw nuts with structure of SB/CF-EP, a new solution was proposed in which the high-strength casting wax was used as the release agent. A basic demolding experiment was designed and comparative demolding experiments were conducted for three different conditions: wax and grease as release agents and no agent. The influences of different agents and agent thickness on demolding force, product sizes and surface quality were studied. In comparison with grease and no release agent the demolding force for wax was reduced by 91.6% and 98.0% respectively. The product shrink could be compensated by controlling the wax thickness. By using wax release agent, the fabrication of transmission screw nuts with SB/CF-EP lining was successfully completed.

Abstract: The presented article deals with setting the effect of paraffin candles and thickness of their wick on the speed of candle weight loss. The paraffin candles with gauge of 1.8 to 6.8 cm and wick thickness of 1.5 to 3 mm were subjected to the test. The test procedure was based on setting the tested candles on a digital scales with resolution of 0,001 g in a digestor during time period of 20 minutes and the subsequent recording of the weight in time interval 5 s during 20 minutes. The obtained results show that the rate of burning candles increases with increasing the thickness and the diameter of the wick. Maximum rate of weight loss (0.1305 g/min) was achieved by the candle with diameter of 6.8 cm and thickness of 3 mm wick. Minimum rate of weight loss (0085 g / min) reached a candle with a diameter of 1.8 cm and a thickness of 1.5 mm wick.

Abstract: The effect of nanometer polysilicon material (NMPM) on properties of wax-diesel oil systems was experimentally studied. The particle size distribution of NMPM-diesel oil, wax-diesel oil system and wax-NMPM-diesel oil system were measured by laser scattering method. The viscosity of wax-diesel oil system was compared with that of systems with NMPM addition. A new wax growth and dispersion model was built up to analyze the mechanism for wax solubility increasing and size changing. Experiments show that the solubility of wax increases with the increase of temperature and the NMPM concentration in the wax-diesel oil system. The average particle diameter of NMPM-wax-diesel oil system is larger than that of wax-diesel oil system. The viscosity of wax-diesel oil system decreases with the NMPM addition.

Abstract: Agricultural waste such as sugarcane bagasse is abundant in Malaysia and at present is mainly used as combustible material for energy supply in the sugar factory. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of manufacturing composite panel from sugarcane bagasse at three density levels (450, 550, 650 kg/m3), two resin content (10 and 12%) and with or without wax (1%) addition. The panel produced were tested for mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture) and physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) conforming to the British standard (BS EN 310 and BS EN 317). The results revealed that board with density 650kg/m3 gave superior strength compared to those of 450kg/m3 and 550kg/m3 densities. The addition of 1% wax helped to improve the water absorption and thickness swelling of the composite panel. Thus, it can be concluded that composite panel can successfully be produced from sugarcane bagasse as the main source of raw materials.

Abstract: The topic is according to the laminated-speed Gel-type technology to design all the parts of the RP machine, establish the 3D model，assemble the parts together by Pro/E，set the parameters, such as motor parameters and so on, and finally achieve the 3D simulation of the device. The real movement process can be seen by the simulation. It is also available to analyze the rationality of the design according to the simulation. Besides, ANSYS is used to analyze the distortion of the workbench, and a certain degree of distortion is found to have affected the precision of the ceramic parts process at some extent. Based on this, the structure is changed and analyzed again, and then all the requirements have been met. At last, a control system is designed in accordance with requirements of the rapid prototyping machine. Thus the whole design of the machine is completed.

Abstract: A novel rapid prototyping manufacturing technology for glass-alumina functionally gradient materials (G-A FGMs) based on the quick solidification of wax was proposed. The feature of the technology came from its layer-by-layer fabrication of the wax-glass/alumina composite layer carved in accordance with the shape of each layer of the computer designed model and in situ casting of wax into the carved area. Removal of the wax in the G-A FGMs green body was investigated based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Sintering properties of the G-A FGMs were discussed. Bending strength of the G-A FGMs was measured by a three-point flexural test. Microstructures of the prepared G-A FGMs were observed using environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and the compositional distribution was determined according to energy dispersive spectrum (EDS). Samples were preliminarily and respectively held at 200°C and 300°C for a long time based on the DSC analysis. The range of the optimal sintering temperature is determined to be from 710°C to 720°C and the holding time is 30min. With the increasing alumina content, the bending strength increases and the maximum bending strength is 67.5MPa. There is no delamination of the G-A FGMs via ESEM. Homogeneous distribution of the ingredient materials is confirmed through EDS.