Surface core level shift photo-electron diffraction was used to determine the position of O vacancies on the (100)-1 x 3 surface of rutile. The 3p photo-electrons which were associated with Ti atoms adjacent to O vacancies were used as the diffraction source. The angle-scanning mode at fixed photon energy was used to obtain maximum surface sensitivity. By means of a comparison with multiple-scattering calculations, it was deduced that vacancies were located in the topmost layer of a micro-faceted structure.

P.J.Hardman, N.S.Prakash, C.A.Muryn, G.N.Raikar, A.G.Thomas, A.F.Prime, G.Thornton, R.J.Blake: Physical Review B, 1993, 47[23], 16056-9