The use of in situ X-ray scattering studies of the Au (110) electrode surface in 0.1M NaF, NaCl, NaBr, LiCl, CsCl, or HClO4 solutions under potential control showed that, at sufficiently negative potentials, the surface formed a (1 x 3) reconstruction rather than the (1 x 2) reconstruction which was reported for the clean vacuum surface. Above a critical threshold potential, the (1 x 3) reconstruction vanished and the surface took on a (1 x 1) structure.

B.M.Ocko, G.Helgesen, B.Schardt, J.Wang, A.Hamelin: Physical Review Letters, 1992, 69[23], 3350-3