It was noted that systems which were based upon this oxide exhibited high oxide-ion conductivities, but were unstable under low O partial pressures. The oxide itself, and doped-Bi2O3 systems, exhibited a complex array of structures and properties; depending upon the dopant concentration, temperature and atmosphere. A comprehensive review was presented here of the structures, phase transitions, conductivities and stabilities of this oxide and of doped-Bi2O3 systems.

Bismuth Based Oxide Electrolytes - Structure and Ionic Conductivity. N.M.Sammes, G.A.Tompsett, H.Nafe, F.Aldinger: Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 1999, 19[10], 1801-26