The use of high-resolution electron microscopy showed that the grain boundaries in these face-centered cubic materials consisted of arrays of lattice and DSC dislocations. It was found that their densities varied continuously, as a function of the misorientation, regardless of the nature of the atomic bonding. The misorientation dependence of the lattice dislocation density agreed well with the reported dependence of the boundary energy. It was concluded that the elastic energy of the boundary lattice dislocations constituted the principal component of the boundary energy.

K.Morita, S.Tsurekawa, H.Nakashima, H.Yoshinaga: Materials Science Forum, 1996, 204-206, 239-44