The structure of a near-tilt grain boundary, with  = 12.29, in deformed and annealed material was studied by using transmission electron microscopy. It was found that deformed and annealed material exhibited a well-defined periodic dislocation structure. Geometrical modelling of the structure showed that it matched that which would be expected on the basis of a low-angle grain boundary model; but only if the boundary was stepped. This was consistent with the accepted criteria for boundary structures in cubic crystals.

I.MacLaren, M.Aindow: Philosophical Magazine Letters, 1996, 73[5], 217-24