A review was presented of the various types of defect and defect structure in metal oxides, with regard to properties such as diffusion and electrical conductivity. Vacancies, interstitials, impurities, dopant ions, and their corresponding defect structures, were described by means of defect equations and their equilibria.

P.Kofstad: Oxidation of Metals, 1995, 44[1-2], 3-27