A book-length review of this subject was presented under the subject headings of: Crystallographic theory of twinning (twinning modes and twinning shears, early attempts to predict twinning modes, analysis of shears and shuffles - the Bilby-Crocker theory, classical and non-classical twins - the Bevis-Crocker theory, operative twinning modes in single lattice structures, twinning in superlattices, twinning modes in hexagonal close-packed structures, twinning in other double lattice structures, multiple lattice structure, choice of twin mode), Twin interfaces and twinning dislocations (fully coherent rational twin interfaces, elementary, zonal, complementary and partial twinning dislocations, twins with irrational K1 interfaces), Nucleation and growth of deformation twins (homogeneous nucleation, growth by homogeneous nucleation of twinning dislocations, defect-assisted nucleation and growth - general principles, the Cottrell-Bilby theory of body-centered cubic twinning, other dislocation models for body-centered cubic twinning, twinning in face-centered cubic structures, twinning in elemental and compound semiconductors, twinning in hexagonal close-packed materials), Influence of material variables on deformation twinning (orientation dependence - is there a critical resolved shear stress for twinning, temperature, strain rate, grain size, chemical composition, pre-strain, precipitates and second-phase particles), Twin accommodation, twin-slip and twin-twin interaction (twins terminating within a crystal, interaction between slip and twinning, twin-twin interactions), Twinning and fracture.

J.W.Christian, S.Mahajan: Progress in Materials Science, 1995, 39[1-2], 1-157