By using seeding techniques to control the orientation of grains, a wide range of boundaries was created. In addition to 5 domain samples with 90º [100] twist and tilt boundaries, a method was developed for the production of grain boundaries, in the same sample, that had the misorientations: θ[001] tilt, θ[100] tilt and 90º-θ[100]; where the misorientation angle, θ, was fully controllable. It was shown how these boundaries could be synthesized and how examination, using polarized-light microscopy and electron back-scattering patterns, could be used to prove that the intended grain boundaries had actually been formed.

The Use of Cubic Nd-Ba-Cu-O Seeds to Create Tilt Grain Boundaries. M.B.Field, T.A.Byrne, D.J.Miller: IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 1999, 9[2], 1618-22