Constraints on the motion of grain boundaries, as imposed by voids and particles, were calculated as functions of the boundary velocity, and temperature. It was concluded that the effect of a given volume fraction of voids or particles, upon an individual boundary, was proportional to the reciprocal to the void or particle radius. The inhibition of grain growth was thus greater for smaller radii.

On the Restraint Offered by Particles and Voids to the Motion of Grain Boundaries. N.P.Louat: Philosophical Magazine A, 2001, 81[5], 1177-86