The incorporation of W in lithium niobate by diffusion was studied by using Rutherford back-scattering/channeling. The W was deposited onto niobate single crystals at 1000C under vacuum, resulting in a W rich layer with a peak concentration of 7at%. To decrease the damage introduced by the deposition process the samples were annealed at 1000C in flowing wet O causing the W to diffuse rapidly towards the bulk. The lattice location measurements showed that a large fraction of the W was incorporated on Nb sites, in contrast to other dopants introduced by diffusion, which occupy Li sites.

Incorporation of Tungsten in Lithium Niobate by Diffusion. A.Kling, C.Valdrez, J.G.Marques, M.F.da Silva, J.C.Soares: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 2002, 190[1-4], 524-7