A simple constitutive relationship was proposed which linked the dislocation velocity to the net force and permitted the incorporation of specific dislocation mechanisms into descriptions of global plastic deformation. The approach was used to treat macroscopic deformation behavior, controlled by forest intersections. The activation volume tensor and the activation enthalpy for deformation then became functions of the 3-dimensional state of stress. These concepts provided a framework for the future development of multi-scale computational models that bridged the length-scales involved in plastic deformation.

Multi-Scale Modelling of Dislocation Processes. C.S.Hartley: Materials Science and Engineering A, 2001, 319-321, 133-8