Hard X-ray diffraction experiments were performed on ice single crystals that had been deformed in torsion. These revealed the relationship between the density of geometrically necessary dislocations and the strain gradients. The torsion strain appeared to be entirely accommodated by geometrically necessary basal screw dislocations.

Strain Gradients and Geometrically Necessary Dislocations in Deformed Ice Single Crystals. M.Montagnat, P.Duval, P.Bastie, B.Hamelin: Scripta Materialia, 2003, 49[5], 411-5