A new equation for solute drag was proposed which was more general and applied to multi-component systems. It yielded the same result for the migration of grain boundaries, but a different result for phase transformations. It had the advantage of being equivalent to an approach which was based upon the dissipation of Gibbs energy.

Solute Drag in Grain Boundary Migration and Phase Transformations. M.Hillert: Acta Materialia, 2004, 52[18], 5289-93