An interlayer of metallic Li was formed between 2 layers of Li–Nb–O. Annealing of the structure resulted in Li diffusion into the 2 layers of Li–Nb–O; thus improving the ionic conductivity. The substrate strongly influenced the electrical and structural properties of the films. Stainless-steel/TiN substrates seemed to improve markedly the ionic conductivity of the films.

Thermally Activated Ionic Conduction in LiNbO3 Electrolyte Thin Films. G.Perentzis, E.E.Horopanitis, E.Pavlidou, L.Papadimitriou: Materials Science and Engineering B, 2004, 108[1-2], 174-8