It was shown how to make a quantitative connection between the high temperature situation, of reversible interaction of ionic and electronic defects with neighboring phases, and the situation at low temperatures in which only electronic carriers were reversible. This was based upon earlier systematic studies of partial equilibria, and gave a variety of relevant examples. In the case of higher-dimensional defects, the differences between high- and low-temperature behaviors referred to different kinetic stabilities.

High Temperature versus Low Temperature Defect Chemistry. J.Maier: Solid State Ionics, 2004, 173[1-4], 1-8