The classical Read–Shockley model for grain boundary energy was employed to derive an expression for grain boundary stiffness. The stiffness increased linearly with boundary misorientation and was maximum for asymmetric tilts with equal densities of the constituent dislocation sets. It was also shown that the intrinsic waviness in the boundary morphology was coupled to the stiffness.

Grain Boundary Stiffness Based upon a Dislocation Model. M.Upmanyu: Scripta Materialia, 2007, 56[6], 553-6