Mesopores in the oxide were synthesized via oxy-exsolution at relatively low temperatures, leading to a controlled Kirkendall effect. A rapid net vacancy flux and a tensile misfit stress perpendicular to the protoxide/spinel interface caused the formation of elongated and aligned {100}-faceted mesopores in the spinel precipitates having a relatively low equilibrium vacancy concentration.

Mesopores in Nonstoichiometric Oxides via Oxyexsolution and Kirkendall Effects. M.Y.Li, P.Shen, S.L.Hwang: Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2007, 27[6], 2355-9