The modified embedded atom method was used to determine the change in the surface energy density of (1 x 2) missing-row reconstructions from initial (1 x 1) ideal (110), (211) and (311) surfaces for seven FCC transition metals Au, Pt, Ag, Pd, Rh, Cu and Ni. The results show that the missing-row reconstruction could be formed naturally on the Au (110), Pt (110) and Pt (311) surfaces and were better than calculated results of the embedded atom method while comparing with experimental results. In addition to the surface energy explanation, the results were also explained in terms of the valence electron structure and surface topography.

Missing Row Reconstructed (110), (211) and (311) Surfaces for FCC Transition Metals. J.M.Zhang, H.Y.Li, K.W.Xu: Surface and Interface Analysis, 2007, 39[8], 660-4