A phenomenological theory of the unidirectional contraction of the (111) surface layer of gold at low temperatures and its isotropic contraction at high temperatures was presented. It was shown that the state contracted unidirectionally in one of the <1¯10> directions was of lowest energy in an intermediate range of the magnitude of the misfit energy, being stabilized mainly by the elastic energy of the 2-dimensional continuum model. The reconstruction of the (100) surface was also considered.

A Theory of the Surface Reconstruction in Gold. J.Kanamori, K.Kawakami: Solid State Communications, 1981, 39[6], 733-5